Charge-Shift Bonding Propensity in Halogen-Bonded BXY (B Is a Small Lewis Base H2O or NH3; X and Y Are Halogen Atoms) Complexes: An NBO/NRT/AIM Investigation

Charge-shift (CS) bonding is a new bonding paradigm in the field of chemical bonds. Our recent study has revealed that certain Cu/Ag/Au-bonds display both CS bonding and ?-bonding characters. In this investigation, we extend our study to halogen bonding. Our focus is on scrutinizing the CS bonding in halogen-bonded BXY (B is a small Lewis base H2O or NH3; X and Y are halogen atoms) complexes by using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, natural resonance theory (NRT), and atoms in molecules (AIM) methods. The primary objective is to establish a connection between halogen bonding (B-X) in BXY and CS bonding in free XY (di-halogens). The calculations indicate that the studied BXY can be classified into two types. One type with a weak halogen bond shows closed-shell interaction. The other type with a stronger B-X interaction exhibits both CS bonding and ?-bonding characters (as seen in NH3ClF, NH3BrF, and NH3IF). Another interesting finding is a novel propensity that the CS bonding in free XY tends to carry over the halogen bonding in BXY, and the same propensity is found in Cu/Ag/Au ?-bonded species. The present study may offer an approach to probe CS bonding in many more 3c/4e ?-bonded molecules.

Automated summary

This study focuses on the charge-shift bonding in halogen bonding and its connection with free di-halogens. The findings suggest a novel propensity for the transfer of charge-shift bonding from free XY to halogen-bonded BXY, similar to the Cu/Ag/Au ?-bonded species. This research may offer an approach to explore charge-shift bonding in more 3c/4e ?-bonded molecules.