2D sodium MRI of the human calf using half-sinc excitation pulses and compressed sensing

Purpose: Sodium MRI can be used to quantify tissue sodium concentration (TSC) in vivo; however, UTE sequences are required to capture the rapidly decaying signal. 2D MRI enables high in-plane resolution but typically has long TEs. Half-sinc excitation may enable UTE; however, twice as many readouts are necessary. Scan time can be minimized by reducing the number of signal averages (NSAs), but at a cost to SNR. We propose using compressed sensing (CS) to accelerate 2D half-sinc acquisitions while maintaining SNR and TSC. Methods: Ex vivo and in vivo TSC were compared between 2D spiral sequences with full-sinc (TE = 0.73 ms, scan time approximate to 5 min) and half-sinc excitation (TE = 0.23 ms, scan time approximate to 10 min), with 150 NSAs. Ex vivo, these were compared to a reference 3D sequence (TE = 0.22 ms, scan time approximate to 24 min). To investigate shortening 2D scan times, half-sinc data was retrospectively reconstructed with fewer NSAs, comparing a nonuniform fast Fourier transform to CS. Resultant TSC and image quality were compared to reference 150 NSAs nonuniform fast Fourier transform images.Results: TSC was significantly higher from half-sinc than from full-sinc acquisitions, ex vivo and in vivo. Ex vivo, half-sinc data more closely matched the reference 3D sequence, indicating improved accuracy. In silico modeling confirmed this was due to shorter TEs minimizing bias caused by relaxation differences between phantoms and tissue. CS was successfully applied to in vivo, half-sinc data, maintaining TSC and image quality (estimated SNR, edge sharpness, and qualitative metrics) with >= 50 NSAs.Conclusion: 2D sodium MRI with half-sinc excitation and CS was validated, enabling TSC quantification with 2.25 x 2.25 mm(2) resolution and scan times of <= 5 mins.

Automated summary

This study validated the use of 2D sodium MRI with half-sinc excitation and compressed sensing (CS) for quantifying tissue sodium concentration (TSC) with a resolution of 2.25 x 2.25 mm(2) and scan times of <= 5 mins.