Assessment of Humoral Immune Responses to Repeated Influenza Vaccination in a Multiyear Cohort: A 5-Year Follow-up

The long-term effects of host factors on vaccine-elicited immune responses have not been well studied, and the interactions of host factors with annual influenza vaccinations are yet to be explored. We analyzed data from a cohort of 386 individuals who received the standard-dose influenza vaccine and enrolled in & GE;2 seasons from 2016 to 2020. Our analyses indicated disparate vaccine-elicited immune responses between males and females in adults when they were repeatedly vaccinated for at least 2 seasons. Notably, we found interactive effects between age and body mass index (BMI) on overall immune responses, and between sex at birth and BMI in adults. Sex effect on vaccine-elicited immune responses was discovered for adults repeatedly vaccinated for at least 2 seasons. Notably, we found interactive effects between age and body mass index (BMI) on overall immune responses, and between sex and BMI in the adult age group.

Automated summary

The long-term effects of host factors on vaccine-induced immune responses and their interactions with annual influenza vaccinations have been explored in a cohort study of 386 individuals who received standard-dose influenza vaccine for at least 2 seasons from 2016 to 2020. The study revealed disparate immune responses between males and females in adults who were repeatedly vaccinated, as well as interactive effects between age and BMI, and between sex at birth and BMI in adults.