Prediction of CO2 emission peak and reduction potential of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration

Forecasting the future emission trajectories and the relating sensitive driving factors of emissions for cities is of great significance to formulate realizable CO2 mitigation policies. To proceed the forecasting, studies on peak prediction and quantification of reduction potential at the city level are essential. However, the studies in the area are very limited. Selecting the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (BTH) as the study region, this paper aims to contribute to the research area and provides implications for other cities or urban agglomerations. The Kaya identity and multi-scenario simulation were employed to predict the dynamic evolution pathways of CO2 emissions from 2021 to 2035 and explore the differential CO2 peak time, peak value, and reduction potential for 13 cities in BTH. Monte Carlo simulation, Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen's slope estimation method are jointly used to reduce uncertainties in estimation. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that most cities in BTH have already reached their CO2 emissions peak, while Tianjin, Langfang, Cangzhou and Tangshan are expected to reach their peaks between 2025 and 2030. Among them, 5 and 8 cities have the risk of not reaching their peak before 2035 in the high consumption scenario (HCS) and extensive development scenario (EDS) respectively. Comparative analysis reveals that low-carbon scenario (LCS) and sustainable development scenario (SDS) have significant effects on emissions reductions. The top three cities in terms of accumulative emission reduction in 2021-2035 are Tianjin, Tangshan and Cangzhou, estimated as 117.82-250.75 Mt CO2 in LCS and 217.77-454.10 Mt CO2 in SDS, respectively. The results of sensitivity analysis reveal that the most critical driver of CO2 emissions in Beijing is population, while that is GDP per capita for Tianjin. Langfang and Hengshui showed the highest sensitivity to energy intensity. Accordingly, these cities have differentiated concerns and priorities to achieve their carbon peak goal as scheduled.

Automated summary

This paper focuses on the forecasting of CO2 emissions in cities and explores the reduction potential at the city level. Using the Kaya identity and multi-scenario simulation, the paper predicts the emissions trajectory of 13 cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration from 2021 to 2035. The results show that most cities have already reached their peak emissions, while some are expected to reach their peaks between 2025 and 2030. Comparative analysis reveals the significant effects of low-carbon and sustainable development scenarios on emissions reductions.