Scaling relations of dynamic hysteresis in pristine and BiFeO3 particle embedded P(VDF-TrFE) flexible ferroelectric membranes

The domain reversal dynamics of the pristine and 10 wt. % BiFeO3 nanoparticle-embedded P(VDF-TrFE) (polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) flexible ferroelectric membranes were investigated. A scaling relation of A proportional to f(alpha)E(0)(beta) relevant to the domain reversal dynamics was eventually determined. The pristine P(VDF-TrFE) flexible membrane takes the form of A proportional to f(0.04077)E(0)(0.39748) in stage III of high electric fields. Nevertheless, for BiFeO3-embedded P(VDF-TrFE) [BFO/P(VDF-TrFE)] flexible membranes, the relations are developed as A proportional to f(-0.3326)E(0)(2.74911) in the low electric fields of stage I and as A proportional to f(0.04309)E(0)(1.04872) in stage III separately. The negative alpha indicates that more and more domain reversal lags behind the alternating periodic electric field in stage I. Instead, in stage III, the positive alpha indicates that most domain reversals can occur anytime whatever the alternating speed of electric fields is. Analogously, the positive beta indicates that at any selected frequency, domains can flip at an external electric field. Abnormally, for the pristine P(VDF-TrFE) membrane, the scaling relation in the first E-0 stage is broken, reflecting only dielectric contributions this time. The dynamic scaling data are significant for the micromechanism accomplishments of copolymers and for the designs of flexible electric devices.

Automated summary

The domain reversal dynamics of pristine and 10 wt.% BiFeO3 nanoparticle-embedded P(VDF-TrFE) flexible ferroelectric membranes were investigated. Scaling relations were determined, providing significant insights for copolymer mechanisms and the design of flexible electric devices.