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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
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Summary: This study examined the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and neurofilament light chain (NFL) in the plasma of patients with COVID-19 and neurological symptoms. The results showed that high serum levels of NSE were associated with disease severity, while serum NFL levels may play a role in the subacute phase of COVID-19.
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Antoine Leuzy et al.
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Mar Guasp et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic role of inflammatory biomarkers in patients with acute COVID-19 and neurological manifestations. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in the serum and CSF of neuro-COVID patients. Neuroaxonal damage markers and cytokine levels were associated with disease severity and neurologic disability.
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Barbara A. Hanson et al.
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Arvid Eden et al.
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Anesthesiology
Mayank Tyagi et al.
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Sabina Semiz
Summary: This study summarizes the systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted since the start of the COVID19 pandemic on biomarkers related to disease progression, severity, and mortality. The biomarkers include inflammatory and immunological parameters, hematological markers, cardiac markers, liver function markers, and lung injury markers. These biomarkers can be used as important tools for predicting prognosis and disease outcomes in COVID19 patients.
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Summary: This study found that COVID-19 patients have BBB disruption and neuronal damage, which may be associated with an increased risk of neurological complications. In the acute phase, ICUCovid patients had the highest levels of PPIA and IL-10, while NeuroCovid patients had the highest levels of MMP-9 in the acute phase with a severity dependency in the long-term. Furthermore, deceased patients had the highest levels of NFL and GFAP.
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B. E. Sahin et al.
Summary: This study examined the plasma levels of biomarkers GFAP and S100B in relation to persistent neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. The results showed that elevated GFAP levels were associated with disease severity but not with neurological symptoms, while high serum S100B levels were associated with multiple neurological symptoms.
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Neurosciences
Bogdan Pavel et al.
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Lise Beier Havdal et al.
Summary: Among non-hospitalized adolescents and young adults with COVID-19, there were higher reports of fatigue and post-exertional malaise, as well as slightly elevated levels of brain injury markers. However, cognitive performance was normal. Fatigue and post-exertional malaise were strongly associated with female sex and older age.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
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Maria Antonella Zingaropoli et al.
Summary: Neurofilament light chain levels were higher in COVID-19 patients with severe neurological symptoms, especially those with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Neuro-COVID patients with ARDS showed higher levels of neurofilament light chain and matrix metalloproteinases in cerebrospinal fluid. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA did not correlate with increased neurofilament light chain or matrix metalloproteinase levels. ARDS in COVID-19 patients may be associated with central nervous system damage and blood-brain barrier disruption.
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Michael J. Peluso et al.
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Ingeborg E. van Zeggeren et al.
Summary: In this study, the diagnostic accuracy of neurofilament light chain (NfL) for diagnosing central nervous system (CNS) infections was evaluated. The results showed that NfL cannot discriminate between different types of CNS infections, but high concentrations of NfL are associated with severe neurological diseases.
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Simone Baiardi et al.
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Young Erben et al.
Summary: The study suggests that measuring NFL early in COVID-19 patients can help estimate disease severity, and indicates that vaccination may reduce disability caused by the illness. No significant differences in clinical outcomes were found between patients of different races.
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Clinical Neurology
Patrick J. Smeele et al.
Summary: The study investigated the trajectory of neurofilament light in Intensive Care Unit patients with severe COVID-19 and its relation to clinical outcomes and pathophysiological predictors. The results showed that neurofilament light increased nonlinearly during the first month of ICU admission and increased faster during the first week compared to mild-moderate COVID-19 cases. Peak neurofilament light levels were associated with a longer duration of delirium after extubation.
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Cedric Hirzel et al.
Summary: Severe COVID-19 is associated with increased levels of cytokines and subsequent neuronal injury as reflected by elevated levels of sNfL. Patients with severe disease develop higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. However, mounting a strong virus-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune response does not protect against neuro-axonal damage.
THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
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Johan Virhammar et al.
Summary: This study analyzed CSF biomarkers of CNS injury in 19 patients with neurological symptoms of COVID-19, finding elevated levels of NfL protein, GFAp, and total tau. NfL protein was found to be associated with central neurological symptoms and disease severity in these patients.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2021)
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Infectious Diseases
Otavio Melo Espindola et al.
Summary: This study aimed to analyze the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurological manifestations. The findings showed that patients with inflammatory neurological diseases presented with pleocytosis and elevated protein and NfL levels in their CSF, while patients with encephalopathy were mostly older men with evidence of cerebrovascular disease.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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Critical Care Medicine
Steven T. DeKosky et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause neurological deficits in COVID-19 patients, with up to 55% of hospitalized patients experiencing neurological disturbances months after infection. Blood biomarkers show potential for diagnosing brain injury in COVID-19 patients, and could aid in understanding virus-induced brain injury mechanisms and guiding therapeutic interventions.
JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA
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Immunology
Jude Savarraj et al.
Summary: COVID-19 can cause brain and endothelial injury, with men showing higher levels of injury markers and inflammatory markers compared to women. Elevated levels of BIMs, CCs, and EIMs in COVID-19 patients suggest brain and endothelial injury, with men being more susceptible to risk factors than women.
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
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Medicine, Research & Experimental
George A. Alexiou et al.
BIOMARKERS IN MEDICINE
(2021)
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Nicole Ruebsamen et al.
Summary: The study found that serum levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) and tau are independently associated with all-cause mortality in elderly individuals. NfL levels are also correlated with neuropsychological test scores and brain structures.
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Psychiatry
Jaqueline S. Generoso et al.
Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, can range from asymptomatic to severe manifestations. Evidence suggests neuroinvasion by the virus, leading to brain damage. The pandemic also has dangerous effects on mental health globally.
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Cell Biology
Bing Sun et al.
Summary: A study showed increased levels of plasma cytokines and nEV proteins in individuals recovering from COVID-19, potentially leading to neuronal dysfunction, especially in patients with neurological issues and those recovering from the infection. Longitudinal studies are needed to monitor these biomarkers to assess neural damage and systemic effects.
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Clinical Neurology
Ahmed Yassin et al.
Summary: Neurological involvement is common in COVID-19 patients, and early recognition and vigilance of such involvement might impact their overall outcomes.
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Clinical Neurology
Anne Hege Aamodt et al.
Summary: Elevated concentrations of NfL and GFAp in COVID-19 patients upon admission may indicate increased mortality risk, and these biomarker concentrations are associated with clinical outcomes.
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Clinical Neurology
Tobias Geis et al.
Summary: A study on children with asymptomatic to moderate COVID-19 infection showed that a percentage of them had neurological symptoms, but overall, there was no evidence of neuronal damage based on sNfL levels.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
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Clinical Neurology
Rebecca De Lorenzo et al.
Summary: The study investigated the clinical prognostic value of markers of neural tissue damage in predicting survival or transfer to ICU in patients infected with COVID-19. Results showed that certain markers were significantly increased in patients with fatal outcomes or needing ICU transfer, with total tau levels accurately predicting mortality. Blood neural markers may offer additional prognostic value for predicting COVID-19 outcomes.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
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Immunology
Lisda Amalia
Summary: This study demonstrated a positive correlation between serum GFAP levels and the degree of neurological deficit in acute ischemic stroke patients. Higher GFAP levels were associated with higher NIHSS scores, indicating increased stroke severity and extent of brain damage. Additionally, a significant difference in serum GFAP levels was observed between ischemic stroke patients with large artery occlusion compared to small artery occlusion.
JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION RESEARCH
(2021)
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Medicine, General & Internal
Matthew J. Page et al.
Summary: The methods and results of systematic reviews should be reported in sufficient detail to allow users to assess trustworthiness. PRISMA 2020 aims to improve the transparency and completeness of systematic review reporting, in hopes of guiding more accurate and transparent reporting.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
D. Vitalakumar et al.
Summary: Various neurological manifestations are reported in COVID-19 patients, with symptoms such as headache, fatigue, olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. Most patients exhibit abnormalities in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE
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Clinical Neurology
Joana B. Pereira et al.
Summary: The study suggests that plasma GFAP concentration is associated with brain amyloid-beta pathology but not tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease. This indicates that plasma GFAP may be incorporated into current hypothetical models of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and used as a non-invasive tool to detect early astrocytosis.
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Immunology
Silvia Bozzetti et al.
Summary: The persistence of neurological symptoms and late axonal damage after SARS-CoV-2 infection is still unknown. The study found that a significant number of COVID-19 patients still experienced neurological symptoms during follow-up, with hyposmia, fatigue, myalgia, and impaired memory being the most common. Serum neurofilament light chain levels were not able to differentiate patients with or without persistent neurological symptoms, but there was a significant decrease in levels during follow-up. The study suggests that COVID-19 survivors do not show active axonal damage, which is a unique feature of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
IMMUNOLOGIC RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Arvid Eden et al.
Summary: Neurological symptoms are commonly observed in COVID-19 patients, with anosmia and diffuse encephalopathy being frequent CNS-related manifestations. These symptoms are believed to be caused by systemic inflammatory responses and microvascular injuries in the CNS. However, typical signs of neurotropic viral infections in CSF studies are usually mild or absent in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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(2021)
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Clinical Neurology
Maria A. Garcia et al.
Summary: The study found no obvious neuroinflammatory changes in the CSF of COVID-19 patients and no detection of SARS-CoV2 RNA, which does not support the neurovirulence of SARS-CoV2 or the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of neurological complications in COVID-19. Anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies were present in the CSF of some critical COVID-19 patients, but the role of these antibodies and the mechanisms of neuronal damage remain unclear.
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Medicine, Research & Experimental
Yuanyuan He et al.
Summary: Neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients are varied, including myalgia, smell impairment, taste dysfunction, altered mental status, etc. Research suggests that the prevalence of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 may be increasing, and further studies are needed to explore their role in the progression of the disease.
JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
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Cell Biology
Mercedes Prudencio et al.
Summary: Brain imaging studies of COVID-19 patients have shown evidence of neuroaxonal injury, and serum levels of neurofilament light chain (NFL) may predict the extent of neuronal damage and are associated with clinical outcomes. Lower NFL serum concentrations were observed in COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir, suggesting that neuroaxonal injury should be considered as an outcome in acute pharmacotherapeutic trials for COVID-19.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
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Medicine, General & Internal
Nelly Kanberg et al.
Summary: Plasma biomarkers of CNS injury were significantly elevated in severe COVID-19 cases during the acute phase but normalized after six months, indicating that neurological sequelae post COVID-19 are not associated with ongoing CNS injury. Despite this normalization, a considerable number of patients reported persistent neurological symptoms, suggesting that additional factors beyond CNS injury biomarkers may contribute to long-term neurological effects of COVID-19.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Ross W. Paterson et al.
Summary: Preliminary data on pathological and biomarkers indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection may damage the nervous system, particularly causing CNS inflammation. Elevated levels of serum neurofilament light were found in COVID-19 patients, but not in community cases, suggesting potential peripheral nerve damage in response to severe illness rather than significant neurological damage. Astrocytic activation does not appear to be a major mediator of neuronal damage in COVID-19.
BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Anesthesiology
Cristian Deana et al.
Summary: The global spread of the novel coronavirus has led to various neurological symptoms and additional risk factors need to be considered for the rehabilitation of patients. Telemedicine can play a role as an adjunctive tool in the rehabilitation process.
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JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY
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Renan Barros Domingues et al.
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