The Role of the Circadian Rhythm in Dyslipidaemia and Vascular Inflammation Leading to Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Many lines of evidence suggest that the disturbances in circadian rhythm are responsible for the development of CVDs; however, circadian misalignment is not yet a treatable trait in clinical practice. The circadian rhythm is controlled by the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and clock genes (molecular clock) located in all cells. Dyslipidaemia and vascular inflammation are two hallmarks of atherosclerosis and numerous experimental studies conclude that they are under direct influence by both central and molecular clocks. This review will summarise the results of experimental studies on lipid metabolism, vascular inflammation and circadian rhythm, and translate them into the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We discuss the effect of time-respected administration of medications in cardiovascular medicine. We review the evidence on the effect of bright light and melatonin on cardiovascular health, lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation. Finally, we suggest an agenda for future research and recommend on clinical practice.

Automated summary

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide, and disruptions in the circadian rhythm are implicated in their development. The molecular clock and central clock regulate the circadian rhythm, influencing lipid metabolism and vascular inflammation. This review summarizes experimental studies on the relationship between circadian rhythm, lipid metabolism, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis, as well as the effects of medication timing, bright light, and melatonin on cardiovascular health. The review also suggests future research agendas and provides recommendations for clinical practice.