☆ 4.7 Review

Advances in Preparation and Properties of Regenerated Silk Fibroin

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

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Porous Carbon Composite Generated from Silk Fibroins and Graphene for Supercapacitors

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Insignificant Difference in Biocompatibility of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Prepared with Ternary Reagent Compared with Regenerated Silk Fibroin Prepared with Lithium Bromide

Guotao Cheng et al.

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Processing Strategies to Obtain Highly Porous Silk Fibroin Structures with Tailored Microstructure and Molecular Characteristics and Their Applicability in Water Remediation

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Processing, mechanical properties and bio-applications of silk fibroin-based high-strength hydrogels

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Fractionation of Regenerated Silk Fibroin and Characterization of the Fractions

Masaaki Aoki et al.

Summary: The molecular weight of regenerated silk fibroin decreases during the degumming and dissolving processes. Few studies have examined the influences of molecular weight and distribution on silk fibroin material. The results showed that molecular weight affects the morphology and mechanical properties of nanofibers and sponges, but not the secondary structure or crystallinity of the materials.

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Silk Fibroin as a Functional Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering

Weizhen Sun et al.

Summary: Tissue engineering involves combining cells, scaffold materials, and growth factors to regenerate or replace damaged tissues or organs. Silk fibroin has attracted attention for its outstanding properties and ability to be reconstructed into various material formats for tissue engineering applications.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Preparation and Biocompatibility Characterization of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Films

Xuan Zhang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of different types of silk fibroin films on the biocompatibility of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The results showed that the mulberry silk fibroin film prepared by the LiBr dissolution system exhibited the best biocompatibility and had a positive effect on cell growth.

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A Facile Strategy for Fabrication Lysozyme-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanotubes from Electrospun Silk Fibroin Nanofiber Templates

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Summary: This paper presents a facile and low-cost strategy for fabricating lysozyme-loaded mesoporous silica nanotubes using silk fibroin nanofiber templates. By loading lysozyme, the MSNTs exhibited relatively high drug encapsulation efficiency and excellent long-term sustained release. These results suggest that MSNTs with a hierarchical structure will be a promising carrier for biomacromolecular drug delivery systems.

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A Comparative Study on the Dissolution of Argema mimosae Silk Fibroin and Fabrication of Films and Nanofibers

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Summary: Limited studies on silk fibroin of wild silkworm species due to their insolubility. Investigated solubility of Argema mimosae wild silk fibroin in different salts dissolved in formic acid. Optimum solvation range visualized by contour plots. Temperature and salt concentration significantly influenced solvation. Regenerated silk fibroin solutions used in electrospinning. Post-treatment restored beta-sheet crystallinity.

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A Design of Experiment Rational Optimization of the Degumming Process and Its Impact on the Silk Fibroin Properties

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Summary: In this study, the alkali degumming of silk fibroin using Na2CO3 was characterized using design of experiment (DOE), considering the main process factors and their combined effects. The removal of sericin from silk fibroin was found to have a major impact on macroscopical properties, such as ultimate strength and Young's modulus, instead of microstructural variations. Optimal degumming conditions were determined to tune material properties and reduce environmental impact, providing a more sustainable technique.

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Controllable performance of a dopamine-modified silk fibroin-based bio-adhesive by doping metal ions

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Dissolution and processing of silk fibroin for materials science

Hai-Yan Wang et al.

Summary: Silk fibroin from silkworm Bombyx mori has been extensively researched and applied in various fields in recent decades, including cosmetics, biomedicine, and biomaterials. Dissolution and regeneration of SF fibers is crucial for the application of silk protein-based materials, and the process directly impacts the characteristics and mechanical properties of resulting silk biomaterials. This review summarizes common solvents and dissolution methods for silk protein, properties of resulting SF protein, suitable uses of SF dissolved in corresponding solvents, and recent applications of SF in various biomaterials.

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The solubility of N-acetyl amino acid amides in organic acid and alcohol solutions: Mechanistic insight into structural protein solubilization

Atsushi Hirano et al.

Summary: This study found that organic solvents can effectively stabilize hydrophobic amino acid side chains in the liquid phase, with formic acid and HFIP being comparably effective in stabilizing the polypeptide backbone, while acetic acid and isopropanol were ineffective.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2021)

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Dual Metal-Loaded Porous Carbon Materials Derived from Silk Fibroin as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Hongzhe He et al.

Summary: Developing cobalt and tungsten dual metal-loaded N-doped porous carbon electrocatalysts from silk fibroin shows great potential for efficient hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. The resulting catalysts exhibit a unique hierarchical porous structure with excellent stability and high catalytic activity, providing insights for future design and engineering of carbon materials for electrocatalysis.

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Transforming natural silk nonwovens into robust bioadhesives for in vivo tissue amendment

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Summary: This study focuses on upcycling disqualified silk fibers by transforming natural silk nonwovens into bioadhesives for tissue repair. The technique involves pretreating the silk nonwovens to obtain a modified cocoon sheet (MCS) and surface modification to achieve controllable adhesion. The resulting bioadhesive showed superior performance in repairing tissues and has the potential to bridge the gap between advanced biomaterials and disqualified silk wastes.

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Structure of Silk I (Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin before Spinning) -Type II β-Turn, Not α-Helix-

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Summary: Scientists are focusing on the structural determinations of Bombyx mori silk fibroin to further develop its applications due to its excellent physical properties. There are discrepancies in the silk I structural model, but the author emphasizes that it should be type II beta-turn structure.

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Self-adhesive and contractile silk fibroin/graphene nano-ionotronic skin for strain sensing of irregular surfaces

Shaojun Dong et al.

Summary: This study successfully prepared a self-adhesive and contractile silk fibroin/graphene nano-ionotronic skin using a high-yield electro-blowing technique, which exhibited humidity-induced stretchability and robusticity, as well as self-adhesive property to irregular surfaces. Additionally, an analytical piezoresistive model was established to predict the sensor response to stress.

NANOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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A Novel One-Pot Synthesis and Characterization of Silk Fibroin/α-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate for Bone Regeneration

Aditi Pandey et al.

Summary: The study successfully fabricated silk fibroin/calcium sulfate composites, demonstrating good chemical, thermal, and morphological properties. The addition of silk fibroin significantly enhanced the compressive strength of calcium sulfate hemihydrate composites, but further increasing the silk fibroin content resulted in reduced strength and possible agglomeration affecting distribution.

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In vitro and in vivo degradation of silk fibers degummed with various sodium carbonate concentrations

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Summary: The degradation period of silk can be tuned through degumming with different sodium carbonate concentrations, affecting the degradation behavior and mechanical properties of silk fibers. Implantation of degummed silk fibers causes mild inflammatory response and shows good compatibility. The findings are crucial for the further development of silk fiber-based scaffolds tailored to specific biomedical applications.

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Preparation and Biocompatibility Characterization of Silk Fibroin 3D Scaffolds

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Summary: This study used different mass fractions of sodium carbonate to degum silk fibroin fibers, resulting in the creation of 3D scaffolds with varying properties. The characterization of the silk fibroin fibers and scaffolds showed that excessive sodium carbonate can negatively impact fiber properties and degradation rate, while also affecting mineral deposition on the scaffolds over time. Additionally, the results highlighted the biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and degradability of the silk fibroin 3D scaffolds, indicating their potential as a barrier biofilm material in the future.

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Aqueous Solution of a Basic Ionic Liquid: A Perspective Solvent for Extraction and Regeneration of Silk Powder from Bombyx mori Silk Cocoons

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Improving Anticancer Therapy with Naringenin-Loaded Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles

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Lamellar Structure in Alanine-Glycine Copolypeptides Studied by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: A Model for the Crystalline Domain of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin in Silk II Form

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The influence of metal ions on native silk rheology

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On the Secondary Structure of Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles Obtained Using Ionic Liquids: An Infrared Spectroscopy Study

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Silk fibroin and silk-based biomaterial derivatives for ideal wound dressings

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2020)

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Influence of alcohol treatments on properties of silk-fibroin-based films for highly optically transparent coating applications

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RSC ADVANCES (2020)

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Effect of silk degumming on the structure and properties of silk fibroin

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JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE (2019)

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Microscopic considerations for optimizing silk biomaterials

Megan K. DeBari et al.

WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2019)

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A comparative study of ultrasonic degumming of silk sericin using citric acid, sodium carbonate and papain

Wuchao Wang et al.

COLORATION TECHNOLOGY (2019)

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Effect of Degumming Methods on the Degradation Behavior of Silk Fibroin Biomaterials

Luping Wang et al.

FIBERS AND POLYMERS (2019)

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Electrospun polycaprolactone/silk fibroin nanofibrous bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering applications

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POLYMER (2019)

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Progress in modification of silk fibroin fiber

Liu Li et al.

SCIENCE CHINA-TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2019)

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Proteins in Ionic Liquids: Reactions, Applications, and Futures

Alexandra Schindl et al.

FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Inclusion complex of clove oil with chitosan/β-cyclodextrin citrate/oxidized nanocellulose biocomposite for active food packaging

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FOOD PACKAGING AND SHELF LIFE (2019)

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Degradation Behavior and Immunological Detection of Silk Fibroin Exposure to Enzymes

Ruru Chen et al.

ANALYTICAL SCIENCES (2019)

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Silk Fibroin Dissolution in Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide Aqueous Solution

Bruno Medronho et al.

BIOMACROMOLECULES (2019)

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Formic Acid Regenerated Mori, Tussah, Eri, Thai, and Muga Silk Materials: Mechanism of Self-Assembly

Ye Xue et al.

ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2019)

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Mechanical properties of Bombyx mori silkworm silk fibre and its corresponding silk fibroin filament: A comparative study

Shaoyong Chen et al.

MATERIALS & DESIGN (2019)

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Preparation of natural amphoteric silk nanofibers by acid hydrolysis

Yanlei Hu et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY B (2019)

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Silkworm silk-based materials and devices generated using bio-nanotechnology

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CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS (2018)

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Effect of molecular weight on electro-spinning performance of regenerated silk

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2018)

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Enzymatic synthesis of quaternary ammonium chitosan-silk fibroin peptide copolymer and its characterization

Lian Min et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2018)

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Fabrication and characterization of silk microfiber-reinforced methacrylated gelatin hydrogel with turnable properties

Wenqian Xiao et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION (2018)

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Production of Curcumin-Loaded Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy

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NANOMATERIALS (2018)

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Degradation Behavior of Silk Nanoparticles-Enzyme Responsiveness

Thidarat Wongpinyochit et al.

ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Degradation Behavior of Silk Nanoparticles-Enzyme Responsiveness

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ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2018)

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Single Molecular Layer of Silk Nanoribbon as Potential Basic Building Block of Silk Materials

Qianqian Niu et al.

ACS NANO (2018)

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Exploring the Structural Transformation Mechanism of Chinese and Thailand Silk Fibroin Fibers and Formic-Acid Fabricated Silk Films

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2018)

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Preparation and Property of Wet-spun Silk Fibroin Filaments with Fibrils Regenerated by Dissolving in CaCl2-Formic Acid

Wu Huiying et al.

POLYMER-KOREA (2018)

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Silk fibroin degumming affects scaffold structure and release of macromolecular drugs

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (2017)

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A serine protease from newly isolated Bacillus sp for efficient silk degumming, sericin degrading and colour bleaching activities

Sunisa Suwannaphan et al.

INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION (2017)

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Effect of degumming methods on structural characteristics and properties of regenerated silk

Hyun Ju Kim et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2017)

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Accelerated wound-healing capabilities of a dressing fabricated from silkworm cocoon

Kun Yu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2017)

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Impact of calcium chloride concentration on structure and thermal property of Thai silk fibroin films

Fang Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY (2017)

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Manipulation of Molecular Weight Distribution Shape as a New Strategy to Control Processing Parameters

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MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS (2017)

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Design and function of biomimetic multilayer water purification membranes

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SCIENCE ADVANCES (2017)

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Role of protease and protease inhibitors in cancer pathogenesis and treatment

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BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2017)

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Comparative study of degumming of silk varieties by different techniques

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JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE (2016)

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Sol-Gel Transition of Regenerated Silk Fibroins in Ionic Liquid/Water Mixtures

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ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2016)

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Sol-Gel Transition of Regenerated Silk Fibroins in Ionic Liquid/Water Mixtures

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ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2016)

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Amorphous Silk Nanofiber Solutions for Fabricating Silk-Based Functional Materials

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BIOMACROMOLECULES (2016)

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Self-assembled silk fibroin nanoparticles loaded with binary drugs in the treatment of breast carcinoma

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE (2016)

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Lithium-free processing of silk fibroin

Zhaozhu Zheng et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS APPLICATIONS (2016)

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Interactions between fibroin and sericin proteins from Antheraea pernyi and Bombyx mori silk fibers

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Silk Fibroin Degradation Related to Rheological and Mechanical Properties

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MACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE (2016)

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Processing and characterization of silk sericin from Bombyx mori and its application in biomaterials and biomedicines

Ting-Ting Cao et al.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING C-MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (2016)

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Effect of Na2CO3 degumming concentration on LiBr-formic acid-silk fibroin solution properties

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Thermal Science (2016)

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Facile Fabrication of Robust Silk Nanofibril Films via Direct Dissolution of Silk in CaCl2-Formic Acid Solution

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ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2015)

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Regeneration of high-quality silk fibroin fiber by wet spinning from CaCl2-formic acid solvent

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ACTA BIOMATERIALIA (2015)

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Silk structure and degradation

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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES (2015)

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Differences in regenerated silk fibroin prepared with different solvent systems: From structures to conformational changes

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2015)

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Ca2+ and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase regulate the formation of silk fibers with favorable mechanical properties

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JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY (2015)

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Effect of silk protein surfactant on silk degumming and its properties

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MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING C-MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (2015)

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Processing and characterization of powdered silk micro- and nanofibers by ultrasonication

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MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING C-MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (2015)

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Controlling silk fibroin microspheres via molecular weight distribution

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MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING C-MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (2015)

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Structures, mechanical properties and applications of silk fibroin materials

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PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE (2015)

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Transparent, Nanostructured Silk Fibroin Hydrogels with Tunable Mechanical Properties

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ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2015)

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Transparent, Nanostructured Silk Fibroin Hydrogels with Tunable Mechanical Properties

Alexander N. Mitropoulos et al.

ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2015)

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Production of silk fibroin nanoparticles using ionic liquids and high-power ultrasounds

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Effect of sodium carbonate concentrations on the degumming and regeneration process of silk fibroin

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JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE (2015)

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The Toxic Effect of Lithium Ion on Neurons (PC12 cells) and Aβ42 Molecules

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BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH (2014)

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Cation does matter: how cationic structure affects the dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids

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GREEN CHEMISTRY (2014)

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Isolation and processing of silk proteins for biomedical applications

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2014)

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Fabrication of Silk Nanofibres with Needle and Roller Electrospinning Methods

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A novel route to prepare dry-spun silk fibers from CaCl2-formic acid solution

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MATERIALS LETTERS (2014)

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Regulating the degradation rate of silk fibroin films through changing the genipin crosslinking degree

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POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2014)

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Silk dissolution and regeneration at the nanofibril scale

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JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY B (2014)

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Preparation and properties of nanometer silk fibroin peptide/polyvinyl alcohol blend films for cell growth

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2013)

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Effect of degumming condition on the solution properties and electrospinnablity of regenerated silk solution

Jae Sang Ko et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2013)

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Influence of the protocol used for fibroin extraction on the mechanical properties and fiber sizes of electrospun silk mats

Salvador D. Aznar-Cervantes et al.

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING C-MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (2013)

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PHOTONIC CRYSTALS Sustainable sensors from silk

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The Osteogenic Potential of Mesoporous Bioglasses/Silk and Non-Mesoporous Bioglasses/Silk Scaffolds in Ovariectomized Rats: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation

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PLOS ONE (2013)

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Effect of regeneration of liquid silk fibroin on its structure and characterization

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SOFT MATTER (2013)

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Silk Self-Assembly Mechanisms and Control From Thermodynamics to Kinetics

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BIOMACROMOLECULES (2012)

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Investigation of Rheological Properties and Conformation of Silk Fibroin in the Solution of AmimCl

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BIOMACROMOLECULES (2012)

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Molecular weight distribution and solution properties of silk fibroins with different dissolution conditions

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2012)

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Preparation and characterization of silk fibroin as a biomaterial with potential for drug delivery

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JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2012)

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High-strength silk protein scaffolds for bone repair

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2012)

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Design and Characterization of a Silk-Fibroin-Based Drug Delivery Platform Using Naproxen as a Model Drug

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JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY (2012)

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Structure and properties of biomedical films prepared from aqueous and acidic silk fibroin solutions

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JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A (2011)

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Materials fabrication from Bombyx mori silk fibroin

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NATURE PROTOCOLS (2011)

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Physical properties and dyeability of silk fibers degummed with citric acid

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BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2010)

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Silk fibroin nanoparticles for cellular uptake and control release

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2010)

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Biodegradation of Silk Biomaterials

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2009)

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Biosynthesis of insulin-silk fibroin nanoparticles conjugates and in vitro evaluation of a drug delivery system

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JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH (2009)

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In vivo degradation of three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds

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BIOMATERIALS (2008)

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Enzyme Hydrolysis of Silk Fibroin and the Anti-diabetic Activity of the Hydrolysates

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING (2008)

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Dissolution and wet spinning of silk fibroin using phosphoric acid/formic acid mixture solvent system

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Silk as a biomaterial

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PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE (2007)

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Structure and properties of regenerated Antheraea pemyi silk fibroin in aqueous solution

Wei Tao et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2007)

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Patterned silk films cast from ionic liquid solubilized fibroin as scaffolds for cell growth

Maneesh K. Gupta et al.

LANGMUIR (2007)

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Tensile behavior and morphology of differently degummed silkworm (Bombyx mori) cocoon silk fibres

P Jiang et al.

MATERIALS LETTERS (2006)

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Structural study of irregular amino acid sequences in the heavy chain of Bombyx mori silk fibroin

SW Ha et al.

BIOMACROMOLECULES (2005)

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Structural studies of Bombyx mori silk fibroin during regeneration from solutions and wet fiber spinning

SW Ha et al.

BIOMACROMOLECULES (2005)

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Solubility and rheological behavior of silk fibroin (Bombyx mori) in N-methyl morpholine N-oxide

Y Xu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2005)

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Physicochemical properties of silk fibroin after solubilization using calcium chloride with or without ethanol

Y Miyaguchi et al.

FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH (2005)

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Regenerated silk fiber wet spinning from an ionic liquid solution

DM Phillips et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY (2005)

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Structure and properties of silk hydrogels

UJ Kim et al.

BIOMACROMOLECULES (2004)

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Dissolution and regeneration of Bombyx mori Silk fibroin using ionic liquids

DM Phillips et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2004)

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X-ray structural study of noncrystalline regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin

H Saitoh et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2004)

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Mechanism of silk processing in insects and spiders

HJ Jin et al.

NATURE (2003)

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Dissolution of Bombyx mori silk fibroin in the calcium nitrate tetrahydrate-methanol system and aspects of wet spinning of fibroin solution

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BIOMACROMOLECULES (2003)

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Silk-based biomaterials

GH Altman et al.

BIOMATERIALS (2003)

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The role of formic acid in solution stability and crystallization of silk protein polymer

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2003)

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Regenerated Bombyx silk solutions studied with rheometry and FTIR

X Chen et al.

POLYMER (2001)

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Structural characteristics and properties of the regenerated silk fibroin prepared from formic acid

IC Um et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2001)

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Preparation of undegraded native molecular fibroin solution from silkworm cocoons

H Yamada et al.

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING C-BIOMIMETIC AND SUPRAMOLECULAR SYSTEMS (2001)

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Silk fibroin: Structural implications of a remarkable amino acid sequence

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PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND GENETICS (2001)

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Silk fibroin of Bombyx mori is secreted, assembling a high molecular mass elementary unit consisting of H-chain, L-chain, and P25, with a 6:6:1 molar ratio

S Inoue et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2000)

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Fine organization of Bombyx mori fibroin heavy chain gene

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NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH (2000)

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