Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 24, Issue 14, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411545
Keywords
blood biomarkers; stroke early diagnosis; stroke differential diagnosis; stroke prognosis; predictive stroke biomarkers; ischemic stroke; haemorrhagic stroke
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Stroke, a complex and heterogeneous disease, poses challenges for early diagnosis and treatment due to the lack of specific diagnostic biomarkers. This review identifies four promising biomarkers for early diagnosis, differentiation between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and prediction of hemorrhagic transformation. Integration of these biomarkers could significantly improve stroke patients' detection and treatment. However, further research and validation are needed to demonstrate their clinical utility in routine stroke treatment.
Stroke, a complex and heterogeneous disease, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The timely therapeutic intervention significantly impacts patient outcomes, but early stroke diagnosis is challenging due to the lack of specific diagnostic biomarkers. This review critically examines the literature for potential biomarkers that may aid in early diagnosis, differentiation between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and prediction of hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke. After a thorough analysis, four promising biomarkers were identified: Antithrombin III (ATIII), fibrinogen, and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) for diagnostic purposes; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), micro RNA 124-3p, and a panel of 11 metabolites for distinguishing between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke; and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), s100b, and interleukin 33 for predicting hemorrhagic transformation. We propose a biomarker panel integrating these markers, each reflecting different pathophysiological stages of stroke, that could significantly improve stroke patients' early detection and treatment. Despite promising results, further research and validation are needed to demonstrate the clinical utility of this proposed panel for routine stroke treatment.
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