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Summary: This study found that COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during pregnancy can elicit immune responses in mothers and efficiently transfer antibodies to newborns. Booster vaccination during pregnancy significantly increased binding and neutralizing antibody levels in maternal and cord blood, including against the Omicron BA.1 variant. These findings support the use of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy.
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Summary: This prospective observational cohort study provides valuable insights into the maternal antibody response, duration, and transplacental transfer after SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. The results suggest that COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy leads to higher and longer lasting maternal IgG levels, higher cord blood IgG levels, compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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David A. Schwartz et al.
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Markus Hoffmann et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly and shows resistance to most therapeutic antibodies. It also evades neutralization by antibodies induced by infection or vaccination more efficiently than the Delta variant. This suggests that therapeutic antibodies may not be effective against the Omicron variant, and double vaccination with BNT162b2 may not provide adequate protection against severe disease caused by this variant.
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Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of maternal vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in early versus late third trimester on transplacental transfer and neonatal levels of antibodies. The results showed that early vaccination in pregnancy enhanced transplacental antibody transfer and increased neonatal neutralizing antibody levels, indicating that early vaccination in the third trimester may enhance neonatal immune protection.
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Torri D. Metz et al.
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Yawei J. Yang et al.
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Charlotte Hobbs et al.
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Ching-Ju Shen et al.
Summary: This study assessed the neutralizing antibody levels against wildtype and Delta variants in pregnant women after mRNA vaccination. It found that full vaccination is important for higher antibody levels and supports the recommendation of COVID-19 immunization for pregnant women. However, the lower level of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies for the Delta variant highlights the need for more effective vaccine strategies.
Review
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Denise J. Jamieson et al.
Summary: Physiological, mechanical, and immunologic changes in pregnancy may affect susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19. Pregnancy is a risk factor for severe disease, with pregnant individuals more likely to experience adverse outcomes. Intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is rare, possibly due to low viral levels and reduced expression of necessary receptors in the placenta. COVID-19 and its impact on healthcare systems have also had negative effects on pregnancy outcomes.
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Ellen Oen Carlsen et al.
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Yusuke Matsui et al.
Summary: Pregnancy induces unique immune responses to COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Maternal and cord plasma samples from 60 pregnant individuals were analyzed, and it was found that the neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against COVID-19 variants were less effective than the wild-type strain. Vaccination during the third trimester resulted in higher cord-nAb levels at delivery compared to infection during the same period. However, vaccine-induced nAb levels were lower at the time of delivery compared to infection during the first trimester. The transfer ratio of cord nAb level divided by maternal nAb level was highest in mothers vaccinated in the second trimester.
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Immunology
Daniela-Eugenia Popescu et al.
Summary: This study aims to investigate the levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in the serum and breastmilk of pregnant women after vaccination, and found that newborns also had high levels of antibodies. The results indicate the importance of vaccinating pregnant women for the protection of newborns.
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Obstetrics & Gynecology
Nir Kugelman et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 booster dose administered during the third trimester of pregnancy led to high maternal and neonatal IgG antibody levels at birth. There was a positive correlation between maternal and neonatal antibody levels, with neonatal levels higher than maternal levels. Maternal antibody levels decreased over time since the third dose, while maternal body mass index and systemic side effects were associated with higher maternal antibody levels.
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Natasha B. Halasa et al.
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Caroline G. Atyeo et al.
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Elena Vazquez-Alejo et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV2 infection during pregnancy can lead to differences in immunological components that may have clinical implications for newborns after birth. However, 6-month-old newborns exposed to SARS-CoV2 showed no immune imbalance, while infected mothers maintained increased activation and exhaustion levels in T-cells after 6 months.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
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Carlo Pietrasanta et al.
Summary: The extent of transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from mother to infant through breast milk after maternal vaccination is unclear. A study found that the BNT162b2 vaccine induced long-lasting IgG in maternal serum, but weaker antibody production in saliva and breast milk. The levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA in breast milk were 10-150 times lower compared to serum, and only IgA1 was present.
Review
Immunology
Karen Cortes-Sarabia et al.
Summary: This systematic review examines the variations in the humoral immune response induced by the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, focusing on patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, the elderly, and those with comorbidities and immunosuppression states. The findings show that individuals with previous infections have a higher antibody response after vaccination, while elderly individuals and those with certain health conditions have a lower antibody response. Additionally, the antibodies generated by the vaccine have lower neutralizing activity against the new variants of SARS-CoV-2.
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Immunology
Madeleine D. Burns et al.
Summary: The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike IgG antibodies transferred from vaccinated pregnant women to their infants and the timing of infant SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study found that higher levels of antibodies were associated with longer disease-free intervals, while antibody levels decreased significantly after six months, suggesting the need for vaccination to optimize protection against COVID-19 at that stage.
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Obstetrics & Gynecology
Omer Nir et al.
Summary: This study found that SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G can efficiently transfer across the placenta from pregnant women vaccinated with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to their neonates. There was a positive correlation between antibody concentrations in maternal and cord blood, indicating potential neonatal humoral immunity provided by maternal vaccination.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY MFM
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Virology
Marie Tre-Hardy et al.
Summary: The study assessed the performance of two ELISA tests for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, showing satisfactory analytical performance and excellent clinical performance for IgG, IgA, and total antibodies, especially with optimized cut-offs.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kathryn M. Moore et al.
Summary: The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy is still not well understood, but current research is focusing on the potential risks and complications that pregnant individuals may face when infected with SARS-CoV-2.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
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Immunology
Raffaele Falsaperla et al.
Summary: Efforts should be made to vaccinate more population groups, including pregnant and lactating women, who have been initially excluded from vaccination campaigns. Studies have not found significant adverse effects in vaccinated pregnant women or their newborns, with the transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins through the placenta and breastmilk providing humoral immunity.
EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES
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Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Florian Krammer et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Obstetrics & Gynecology
Torri D. Metz et al.
Summary: This study found that pregnant patients with severe-critical COVID-19, but not those with mild-moderate COVID-19, were at increased risk of perinatal complications compared to those without symptoms.
OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY
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Dustin D. Flannery et al.
Summary: Efficient transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies supports the potential for maternally derived antibodies to provide neonatal protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. This cohort study assesses the association between maternal and neonatal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibody concentrations.
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Obstetrics & Gynecology
Kathryn J. Gray et al.
Summary: The study found that pregnant and lactating women had equivalent antibody titers after receiving the coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccine compared to nonpregnant women, and these titers were higher than those induced by natural infection. Vaccine-induced antibodies were present in umbilical cord blood and breastmilk samples, transferring immunity to neonates through placenta and breastmilk.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY
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Carla L. DeSisto et al.
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Sivan Haia Perl et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
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Medicine, General & Internal
Ai-ris Y. Collier et al.
Summary: This study assessed the immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in pregnant and lactating women, as well as the responses against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. The results showed that pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant women developed antibody and T-cell responses following vaccination, with antibodies transferred to infant cord blood and breast milk. While antibody titers against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were reduced, T-cell responses remained against the viral variants.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
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Medicine, General & Internal
Tom T. Shimabukuro et al.
Summary: Preliminary data indicates that there are no obvious safety signals among pregnant women who received mRNA Covid-19 vaccines, but more data is needed for further confirmation. Adverse reactions such as injection-site pain were reported more frequently in pregnant women, but most pregnancies resulted in live births with some cases of preterm birth and small size for gestational age.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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Obstetrics & Gynecology
Naima T. Joseph et al.
Summary: Following SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, pregnant women showed robust maternal neutralizing and anti-receptor-binding domain IgG response, but a lower-than-expected efficiency of transplacental antibody transfer was observed, along with a significant reduction in neutralization between maternal blood and cord blood. Maternal infection does confer some degree of neonatal antibody protection, but the robustness and durability of this protection need further study.
OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY
(2021)
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Itzíar Carrasco et al.
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
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Katharina Rathberger et al.
Summary: Most women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy can transfer antibodies to their newborns through the placenta, but the antibody titers in newborns decline rapidly postpartum. These results provide important evidence for further studies on vaccination during pregnancy.
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Noa Dagan et al.
Summary: The BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine showed high effectiveness in pregnant women in an observational cohort study in Israel, similar to the effectiveness seen in the general population.
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Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Barbara Chmielewska et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes, leading to increased rates of stillbirth, maternal death, surgically managed ectopic pregnancies, and postpartum depression. Disparities exist between high-resource and low-resource settings, emphasizing the urgent need for prioritizing safe, accessible, and equitable maternity care in response to this pandemic and future health crises.
LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH
(2021)
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Cell Biology
Juliana Goncalves et al.
Summary: This study found that lactating women who received BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines transferred immunity to breast milk, including antibodies and T cells, which may provide protection to infants. Although the concentration of anti-spike IgA in breastmilk may not be sufficient to directly neutralize the virus, the cumulative transfer of IgA may offer neutralizing capacity.
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(2021)
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Adeel A. Butt et al.
Summary: The study found that mRNA vaccines provide a high level of protection against documented SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. This supports the inclusion of pregnant women in vaccination campaigns.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
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Regan N. Theiler et al.
Summary: In this study, pregnant women who received COVID-19 vaccination were less likely to contract COVID-19 compared to those who did not receive the vaccine, and vaccination during pregnancy did not lead to increased risks of pregnancy or delivery complications. Factors such as older age, higher education level, non-smoking status, use of infertility treatment during current pregnancy, and lower gravidity were associated with a higher likelihood of vaccination.
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Daniel Wrapp et al.
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Alexandra C. Walls et al.
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MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT
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MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT
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