Frankincense of Boswellia sacra: Traditional and modern applied uses, pharmacological activities, and clinical trials

Since Boswellia sacra (Burseraceae) was studied in the 19th century, it has been known for its economic and cultural values. It is cultivated mainly in the southwest regions of Oman and some regions of Yemen, and is a natural source of frankincense, Luban in Arabic, around the world. Frankincense, the aromatic resin of B. sacra, is used widely both for traditional purposes and for the treatment of various ailments; e.g., dental infections, tumors, dysentery, vomiting, and fevers. Recently, many reports provided evidence for the potential biological activities of B. sacra, its synonym Boswellia carteri, and their constituent chemical compounds. These activities include cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetes, immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant effects. B. sacra was also tested for effects against gastric, hepatic, neurological, and skin disorders in vitro and in vivo. Clinical trials revealed good effects against carcinomas and gliomas, as well as against bladder and brain tumors. Its uses as a plant-based agent in nanotechnology displayed promising results. More efforts should be directed to further investigate these safe, plant-based bio-preservatives, and best practices should be outlined to protect these trees from extinction.

Automated summary

Since the 19th century, Boswellia sacra has been known for its economic and cultural values. It is cultivated in Oman and Yemen and used as a natural source of frankincense. Recent studies have shown that it has various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer effects. Clinical trials have also demonstrated its effectiveness against certain diseases. Further research is needed to explore its potential and protect the trees from extinction.