On the Links Between Ice Nucleation, Cloud Phase, and Climate Sensitivity in CESM2

Ice nucleation in mixed-phase clouds has been identified as a critical factor in projections of future climate. Here we explore how this process influences climate sensitivity using the Community Earth System Model 2 (CESM2). We find that ice nucleation affects simulated cloud feedbacks over most regions and levels of the troposphere, not just extratropical low clouds. However, with present-day global mean cloud phase adjusted to replicate satellite retrievals, similar total cloud feedback is attained whether ice nucleation is simulated as aerosol-sensitive, insensitive, or absent. These model experiments all result in a strongly positive total cloud feedback, as in the default CESM2. A microphysics update from CESM1 to CESM2 had substantially weakened ice nucleation, due partly to a model issue. Our findings indicate that this update reduced global cloud phase bias, with CESM2's high climate sensitivity reflecting improved mixed-phase cloud representation. Simulations of Earth's climate have revealed that the extent of greenhouse gas warming depends on a microscopic process in cold clouds known as ice nucleation. Problematically, this process is poorly understood and crudely represented in projections of future climate. Here we assess why ice nucleation affects Earth's projected future temperature, and estimate the sensitivity to different simulated representations of this process. We find that ice nucleation influences warming through feedback mechanisms in clouds in all regions and heights of the troposphere that are at temperatures where either ice crystals or liquid droplets may exist. The primary link between ice nucleation and warming is revealed to be the role this process has in setting the global mean ratio of ice to liquid water within clouds. We also demonstrate that an issue that weakened ice nucleation in a widely used climate model reduced bias in this ratio. Our findings suggest that the reduced bias is responsible for this model's strong global warming projections, enhancing the possibility that such projections may be realistic. Ice nucleation representation is only found to sizably affect total cloud feedback when allowed to promote biased global mean cloud phaseCommunity Earth System Model 2's strongly positive cloud feedback is consistent with realistic mixed-phase cloud representation despite a known model issueSimulated relationships among ice nucleation, cloud phase, and feedback strength are partly set by mid-level and tropical high clouds

Automated summary

Ice nucleation plays a crucial role in future climate projections, but in CESM2 model, the total cloud feedback remains strongly positive regardless of whether the ice nucleation is simulated as aerosol-sensitive, insensitive, or absent. The update from CESM1 to CESM2 has improved the representation of mixed-phase clouds, enhancing the model's climate sensitivity. Therefore, the process of ice nucleation has significant implications for climate warming predictions.