PCR inhibitors and facilitators-Their role in forensic DNA analysis

Since its inception, DNA typing technology has been practiced as a robust tool in criminal investigations. Experts usually utilize STR profiles to identify and individualize the suspect. However, mtDNA and Y STR analyses are also considered in some sample-limiting conditions. Based on DNA profiles thus generated, forensic scientists often opine the results as Inclusion, exclusion, and inconclusive. Inclusion and exclusion were defined as concordant results; the inconclusive opinions create problems in conferring justice in a trial-since nothing concrete can be interpreted from the profile generated. The presence of inhibitor molecules in the sample is the primary factor behind these indefinite results. Recently, researchers have been emphasizing studying the sources of PCR inhibitors and their mechanism of inhibition. Furthermore, several mitigation strategies-to facilitate the DNA amplification reaction-have now found their place in the routine DNA typing assays with compromised biological samples. The present review paper attempts to provide a comprehensive review of PCR inhibitors, their source, mechanism of inhibition, and ways to mitigate their effect using PCR facilitators.

Automated summary

DNA typing technology is widely used in criminal investigations, often utilizing STR profiles to identify suspects. In some cases, mtDNA and Y STR analyses are also considered. Forensic scientists provide inclusion, exclusion, and inconclusive opinions based on the DNA profiles generated. The presence of PCR inhibitors in the sample leads to inconclusive results, causing difficulties in achieving justice in trials. Researchers have been studying the sources and mechanisms of PCR inhibitors and developing mitigation strategies to facilitate DNA amplification in compromised samples.