Selective determination of cadmium and lead ions in different food samples by poly (riboflavin)/carbon black-modified glassy carbon electrode

In this research, a poly (riboflavin)/carbon black-modified glassy carbon electrode (PRF/CB/GCE) is introduced as a novel electrochemical sensor toward Cd2+ and Pb2+ simultaneous measurement in presence of bismuth ions, applying differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Regarding the optimized conditions, the linear ranges were achieved from 0.5 to 600 nM for Cd2+ and Pb2+. The detection limit (LOD) was found to be 0.16 nM for Cd2+ and 0.13 nM for Pb2+. In order to perform the technique in real application, the proposed electrode was used to simultaneously detect ions in rice, honey, and vegetable samples with satisfactory recoveries - indicating that the sensor possesses good practicability to determine Cd2+ and Pb2+. Moreover, an atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used in order to detect the concentration of ions as a reference technique in rice, honey, and vegetable samples.

Automated summary

We introduced a novel poly (riboflavin)/carbon black-modified glassy carbon electrode (PRF/CB/GCE) as an electrochemical sensor for simultaneous measurement of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in the presence of bismuth ions, using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The linear range for Cd2+ and Pb2+ was optimized to be 0.5 to 600 nM. The detection limit (LOD) was 0.16 nM for Cd2+ and 0.13 nM for Pb2+. The proposed electrode was successfully applied for simultaneous detection of ions in rice, honey, and vegetable samples, with satisfactory recoveries, demonstrating its practicality for determining Cd2+ and Pb2+. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used as a reference technique for detecting ion concentrations in the samples.