4.5 Article

Prevalence of chronic and multisite pain in adolescents and young adults with ADHD: a comparative study between clinical and general population samples (the HUNT study)

Journal

EUROPEAN CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY
Volume -, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02249-x

Keywords

ADHD; Adolescents; Chronic pain; Multisite pain; Single-site pain; HUNT

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ADHD and chronic pain are highly prevalent and associated, especially in female young adults. The prevalence of chronic pain in those with ADHD was significantly higher than the reference population, with 75.9% of females experiencing chronic pain after 9 years of follow-up. Males with ADHD had a statistically significant increase in the probability of chronic pain after 3 years of follow-up (41.9%, p = 0.021). Longitudinal studies should be conducted to further understand the complex sex differences and explore predictive factors and long-term associations with bodyweight, psychiatric comorbidities, and stimulant use effects on pain.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic pain are prevalent and associated. We examined the prevalence and distribution of chronic pain in adolescents and young adults with ADHD using 9-years longitudinal data (from T1:2009-2011 to T3:2018-2019) with three time points from a clinical health survey compared to two age-matched reference population-based samples. Mixed-effect logistic regression and binary linear regression were used to estimate the probability for chronic and multisite pain at each time point and to compare the prevalence of chronic pain with the reference populations. The prevalence of chronic and multisite pain was high in those with ADHD, especially in female young adults, with highly prevalent chronic pain at 9 years of follow-up (75.9%) compared to 45.7% in females in the reference population. The probability of having pain was only statistically significant for chronic pain in males at 3 years of follow-up (41.9%, p = 0.021). Those with ADHD were at higher risk of reporting single-site and multisite pain compared to the general population at all measurement points. Longitudinal studies should be tailored to further understand the complex sex differences of comorbid chronic pain and ADHD in adolescents, exploring predictive factors of pain assessing long-term associations with bodyweight, psychiatric comorbidities, and possible mechanisms of stimulant use effects on pain.

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