Salinity stress and nanoparticles: Insights into antioxidative enzymatic resistance, signaling, and defense mechanisms

Salinized land is slowly spreading across the world. Reduced crop yields and quality due to salt stress threaten the ability to feed a growing population. We discussed the mechanisms behind nano-enabled antioxidant enzyme-mediated plant tolerance, such as maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, enhancing the capacity of plants to retain K+ and eliminate Na+, increasing the production of nitric oxide, involving signaling pathways, and lowering lipoxygenase activities to lessen oxidative damage to membranes. Frequently used techniques were highlighted like protecting cells from oxidative stress and keeping balance in ionic state. Salt tolerance in plants enabled by nanotechnology is also discussed, along with the potential role of physiobiochemical and molecular mechanisms. As a whole, the goal of this review is meant to aid researchers in fields as diverse as plant science and nanoscience in better-comprehending potential with novel solutions to addressing salinity issues for sustainable agriculture.

Automated summary

Salinized land is spreading globally, threatening crop yields and the ability to feed a growing population. This review discusses the mechanisms of nano-enabled antioxidant enzyme-mediated plant tolerance to salt stress, including maintaining ROS homeostasis, enhancing ion retention and elimination, increasing nitric oxide production, signaling pathways, and reducing oxidative damage. Common techniques like protecting cells from oxidative stress and maintaining ionic balance are highlighted. The application and potential mechanisms of nanotechnology in salt tolerance of plants are also explored. The review aims to aid researchers in various fields to comprehend the potential of novel solutions for sustainable agriculture addressing salinity issues.