Use of metal nanoparticles in agriculture. A review on the effects on plant germination

Agricultural nanotechnology has become a powerful tool to help crops and improve agricultural production in the context of a growing world population. However, its application can have some problems with the devel-opment of harvests, especially during germination. This review evaluates nanoparticles with essential (Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn) and non-essential (Ag and Ti) elements on plant germination. In general, the effect of nanoparticles depends on several factors (dose, treatment time, application method, type of nanoparticle and plant). In addition, pH and ionic strength are relevant when applying nanoparticles to the soil. In the case of essential element nanoparticles, Fe nanoparticles show better results in improving nutrient uptake, improving germina-tion, and the possibility of magnetic properties could favor their use in the removal of pollutants. In the case of Cu and Zn nanoparticles, they can be beneficial at low concentrations, while their excess presents toxicity and negatively affects germination. About nanoparticles of non-essential elements, both Ti and Ag nanoparticles can be helpful for nutrient uptake. However, their potential effects depend highly on the crop type, particle size and concentration. Overall, nanotechnology in agriculture is still in its early stages of development, and more research is needed to understand potential environmental and public health impacts.

Automated summary

Agricultural nanotechnology is a powerful tool for improving crop production, but its application during germination can pose challenges. This review evaluates the effects of essential and non-essential element nanoparticles on plant germination. Factors such as dose, treatment time, application method, nanoparticle type, and plant species affect the effectiveness of nanoparticles. pH and ionic strength of the soil also play a role in nanoparticle application. Iron nanoparticles show promising results in improving nutrient uptake and germination, while excess copper and zinc nanoparticles can be toxic and negatively impact germination. Titanium and silver nanoparticles have the potential to improve nutrient uptake, but their effects depend on crop type, particle size, and concentration. Further research is needed to understand the potential environmental and health impacts of nanotechnology in agriculture.