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Summary: A rapid and innovative syringe filter solid-phase extraction method using zirconium oxide/titanium oxide nanorod decorated over nickel foam (ZrO2-TiO2 NR @Ni foam) as the sorbent was developed. The extraction process involved a pulled-up and pushed-down process. The optimized conditions achieved a linear range of 5-400 μg/kg, LODs and LOQs ranging from 0.45-0.55 μg/kg and 1.52-1.76 μg/kg for cucumber, and 0.36-0.54 μg/kg and 1.23-1.75 μg/kg for tomato. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were satisfactory with RSD values below 3.7% and 4.2%, respectively. The method showed high potential for simultaneous extraction of pesticides in cucumber and tomato with relative recoveries of 91.8-99.1%.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
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Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Wenlei Xie et al.
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Mukhtar Ahmed et al.
Summary: Biodiesel, a biofuel with multiple advantages over petroleum diesel, has seen significant growth in utilization from oil-bearing edible biomasses. However, due to increasing global prices, energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions, edible feedstocks are not sustainable. Inedible biomasses, via catalyzed transesterification, have been proposed as potential feedstocks for biodiesel production. Nanocatalysts, favored for their easy separation and ability to retain catalytic activity, play a crucial role in biodiesel production due to their high efficiency. Nanocatalysts, such as zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and nano CaO, offer high biodiesel conversion rates and environmental friendliness. This review extensively discusses the significance of nanocatalysts in biodiesel synthesis, including reaction mechanisms, support and promoter functions, renewable feedstocks, synthesis routes, and characterization techniques. The review also covers kinetics, thermodynamics, process simulation, and optimization of heterogeneous nanocatalyzed biodiesel production. Ultimately, this review provides researchers with valuable information on developing cost-effective nanocatalysts for sustainable biodiesel production.
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Hao Zhou et al.
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Maryam Safaripour et al.
Summary: The current study aimed to generate biodiesel fuel using waste cooking oil as a low-cost feedstock through transesterification in a T-shaped microreactor, with a novel catalyst MGO@TiO2Ag. Characterization of the nanocatalyst was performed using SEM, FTIR, VSM, EDX, and XRD. The Box-Behnken design based on RSM was used to optimize reaction parameters, resulting in a maximum FAME yield of 96.54 +/- 1.16%. The manufactured FAMEs met the quality standards of the ASTM D6751 standard, demonstrating the effectiveness of the microreactor and MGO@TiO2Ag nanocatalyst.
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Mohammadreza Asghari et al.
Summary: In this study, a liquid-phase capillary discharge plasma reactor was developed for the continuous production of biodiesel from sunflower oil at ambient temperature and pressure. The response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize FAME content by examining four main operational parameters. The results showed that the reactor could continuously produce 95.9% methyl ester content with high conversion efficiency at low temperatures and with minimum inputs compared to common methods.
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ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
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Lisandra Rocha-Meneses et al.
Summary: The continued economic growth since the 1970s has led to an increase in demand and supply of energy in various sectors, including electricity, heating, cooling, and transportation. This has sparked the search for alternative energy sources with lower carbon emissions than fossil fuels. Biodiesel, particularly derived from waste cooking oil, has been identified as a promising option. However, the cost of biodiesel feedstocks remains a significant challenge.
Review
Energy & Fuels
M. Joyce Nirmala et al.
Summary: Biodiesel is seen as a promising alternative to petroleum-based fuels, but it faces challenges such as instability and corrosiveness. Nanotechnology offers solutions to overcome these issues and improve the properties of biofuels through the use of nanoadditives. Metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, and plant-based additives are being explored as nanoadditives to enhance the performance of liquid biofuels. Nanocatalysts are also found to be effective in converting essential oils into biofuels with high yields. This review discusses the production of biofuels, with a focus on biodiesel, and the potential use of essential oils as natural additives in biodiesel.
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Pravin Kodgire et al.
Summary: The current study investigates the application of synchronized ultrasound and microwave for biodiesel production using Ricinus communis oil and used cottonseed cooking oil blends. The study focuses on process optimization, kinetic analysis, and energy analysis, aiming to improve the fuel properties. The effects of oil/methanol proportion, CaO %, RCO + UCCO blend ratio, and reaction time are examined. The use of blended oil proportion as a process parameter is deliberated for the first time. The optimized conditions result in biodiesel with a yield of 92.11 +/- 0.06% and improved fuel properties.
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Binta Hadi Jume et al.
Summary: The study developed a novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst (NCT) for biodiesel production. By incorporating double-layered bimetal titanium-zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2-TiO2 NPs) over magnetic graphene oxide (ZrO2-TiO2@MGO) and improving it using a microreactor, the catalyst performance was enhanced. The study also optimized the reaction conditions to achieve a high conversion rate of biodiesel.
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Wenping Li et al.
Summary: In this study, nano-sized mesoporous hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (nmHOFs) were developed for in situ enzyme immobilization. The assembly of tetrakis(4-amidiniumphenyl) methane (TAM) and 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoic acid) pyrene (H4TBAPy) induced by enzymes in aqueous solution resulted in the formation of enzyme@TaTb nmHOFs with a pore aperture of 2.4 nm. The TaTb nmHOFs showed excellent activity and stability for immobilizing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), α-amylase, and horseradish peroxidase, making them potential platform carriers for enzyme immobilization.
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Jude A. Okolie et al.
Summary: The use of carbon-based and biomass-derived catalysts for biodiesel production enhances synthesis efficiency. Microfluidic and acoustic reactors can accelerate reaction rates and reduce energy consumption.
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Youhua Zhang et al.
Summary: Due to food shortages and increasing fuel prices, scientists are exploring alternative non-edible feedstocks, such as jojoba and Schizochytrium sp. microalgae, for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of low-cost nanocatalysts, like CaO, instead of homogeneous catalysts can reduce the cost and eliminate certain steps in the biodiesel production process. The findings highlight the potential of nano-catalysts in achieving high biodiesel yields with their unique features of high surface area, reusability, reactivity, and environmental friendliness.
BIOMASS & BIOENERGY
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Joshua Iseoluwa Orege et al.
Summary: Heterogeneous catalysis provides a viable alternative for low-cost biodiesel production, and catalytic transesterification is considered the most feasible synthesis method. Nine commonly used heterogeneous catalysts have been studied, with a focus on versatile catalysts with high activity and low production cost.
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
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Ehsan Parandi et al.
Summary: The main objective of this study was to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil using immobilized lipase on a magnetic nanocomposite. The synthesized biocatalyst showed high efficiency in producing biodiesel at lower temperatures and optimal reaction conditions.
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Chemistry, Applied
Saadiah A. Abdulmalek et al.
Summary: In this study, a hybrid nanocomposite composed of superparamagnetic multi-walled nanotubes and four-arm polyethylene glycol amine (mMWCNTs@4-arm-PEG-NH2) was synthesized and used as a matrix for immobilizing Rhizopus oryzae lipase. The immobilized lipase showed greatly improved performance, and the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic reaction proved to be fast and efficient.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
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Energy & Fuels
Pingping Qu et al.
Summary: The thermostability of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase was improved through molecular dynamics simulation and in silico mutation prediction. The engineered G91C mutant showed enhanced catalytic efficiency and increased biodiesel yield at high temperatures.
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Energy & Fuels
S. P. Jeevan Kumar et al.
Summary: This study investigates the potential of using crude glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, to enhance lipid synthesis in Trichosporon shinodae. The results show that enzymatic transesterification coupled with ultrasonic-assisted extraction can achieve a high yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from single-cell oil. The study also characterizes the fuel properties of T. shinodae biodiesel and explores its potential as a blend with conventional fuels.
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Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jose Renato Guimaraes et al.
Summary: Porcine pancreas lipase magnetic crosslinked enzyme aggregates were used to produce a blend of fatty acid ethyl esters and acylglycerides known as Ecodiesel. The product was then fractioned into FAEE-rich and MAG-rich phases using Soxhlet extractor and silica gel column chromatography.
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Babak Aghel et al.
Summary: This research successfully improved biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by using a GO@MgO nanocatalyst and optimizing the reaction parameters, resulting in higher purity and yield of biodiesel.
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Shuai Huang et al.
Summary: Mass transfer efficiency is crucial in enzymatic biological processes. A novel static mixing bioreactor was designed and applied to enzymatically catalyze biodiesel production. The structure and process conditions of the bioreactor were optimized to achieve good mixing effect and high yield.
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Reem Shomal et al.
Summary: The study found that ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 exhibited better catalytic activity for biodiesel production, while HKUST-1 showed better reusability due to stronger chemical adoption. Additionally, diffusion-reaction kinetics of biodiesel production using adsorbed lipase on ZIF-8 were analyzed. The investigation provided insight into adsorption pathways, probable mechanisms involved, and a better understanding of their application in biodiesel production.
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Yanxia Zhou et al.
Summary: The study introduced a new method for producing biodiesel using waste PSO with high FFA content as feedstock. Results showed that under optimized conditions, the maximum biodiesel yield reached 93.8%. Additionally, a proposed mechanism for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions was presented.
BIOMASS & BIOENERGY
(2021)
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Martin Gojun et al.
Summary: Competition among renewable energy sources is rapidly growing in the market, with an integrated biodiesel production process combining lipase-catalyzed transesterification and product purification in microreactors and micro-separators showing promising results.
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Energy & Fuels
Fahimeh Esmi et al.
Summary: Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was synthesized from olive oil using Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) immobilized on mesoporous silica magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The immobilized lipase showed increased enzyme loading efficiency and led to a higher biodiesel production compared to other nanobiocatalysts, making it a suitable nanomaterial for ROL immobilization. The physico-chemical properties of the MNPs were characterized and correlated with their activities for biodiesel synthesis.
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Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Le Zhong et al.
Summary: In this study, surfactant activated lipase from Aspergillus oryzae was used to prepare magnetic hybrid nanoflowers with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles embedded, showing high catalytic efficiency, tolerance, and reusability. The magnetic hybrid nanoflowers exhibited excellent performance in producing biodiesel from soybean oil, with a high yield even after multiple cycles of reuse.
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Summary: Utilizing waste date seed in combination with a cheap magnetic solid acid catalyst has the potential to create more sustainable and cost-effective catalytic systems for biodiesel production. The solid catalyst showed high catalytic performance with 91.4% biodiesel yield under optimal conditions, and could be easily recovered through magnetic decantation for five consecutive reuses without significant degradation. The approach has the potential to facilitate the development of circular bioeconomy and complete the full cycle of waste date seed sustainably.
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Xiyue Cao et al.
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