Contributions to activity enhancement via Fe incorporation in Ni-(oxy) hydroxide/borate catalysts for near-neutral pH oxygen evolution

Ni-borate materials are oxygen evolution catalysts that operate at near-neutral pH and have been found previously to improve due to structural changes induced via anodic conditioning. We find that this increased activity after conditioning at 0.856 V vs. SCE, as measured on a turn-over frequency basis (TOF) at 400 mV over-potential (TOF = 0.38 s(-1)), accompanies significant Fe incorporation (14%). Films conditioned in Fe-free electrolyte exhibit similar to 10 times lower activity (TOF = 0.03 s(-1)). By co-depositing Fe-Ni we demonstrate high activity without conditioning (TOF = 0.24 s(-1)) which improves further with shortened (similar to 30 min) conditioning (TOF = 1.4 s(-1)).