☆ 4.3 Review

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in congenital and perinatal infections

CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Neurodevelopment in normocephalic children with and without prenatal Zika virus exposure

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Prognostic determinants of hearing outcomes in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Ta-Hsuan Lo et al.

Summary: Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the most prevalent cause of non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children. This study found that the presence of symptoms at birth, failure in newborn hearing screening (NHS), and blood viral load may be prognostic factors for hearing outcomes. Regular audiologic examinations are necessary in all children with cCMV infection even after viral clearance.

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Virus-Induced Maternal Immune Activation as an Environmental Factor in the Etiology of Autism and Schizophrenia

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Effects of Vertical Transmission of Respiratory Viruses to the Offspring

Sara Manti et al.

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Consequences of Viral Infection and Cytokine Production During Pregnancy on Brain Development in Offspring

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Congenital Zika Syndrome: Genetic Avenues for Diagnosis and Therapy, Possible Management and Long-Term Outcomes

Giuseppe Gullo et al.

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Genital Tract Infections in Women, Pregnancy and Neonates

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Emerging Concepts in Congenital Cytomegalovirus

Megan H. Pesch et al.

Summary: This article reviews recent developments in the understanding of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV), including epidemiology and transmission, diagnostic strategies, newborn screening programs, therapeutics, and vaccine trials. It discusses how this knowledge informs the pathophysiology of cCMV and directs strategies for improving outcomes and quality of life for infected children. The article also provides an update on the epidemiology of cCMV in the United States, evolving understanding of maternal-fetal transmission, enhanced screening approaches, and recognition of neonatal and long-term sequelae. Finally, it reviews the current landscape of pediatric cCMV research and gives recommendations for future investigation.

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Neurodevelopment in Normocephalic Children Exposed to Zika Virus in Utero with No Observable Defects at Birth: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

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Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19: The PAN-COVID study

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Maternal-Fetal Infections (Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma, Syphilis): Short-Term and Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children Infected and Uninfected at Birth

Cinzia Auriti et al.

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COVID-19 Pandemic and Infant Neurodevelopmental Impairment A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Kamran Hessami et al.

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Neurodevelopment in infants with antenatal or early neonatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2

Sarah B. Mulkey et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine the impact of early SARS-CoV-2 exposure on neurodevelopment. The research found that infants exposed in utero to symptomatic mothers were more likely to have abnormal neurologic exams and lower ASQ scores. This suggests that early SARS-CoV-2 exposure may have adverse effects on neurodevelopment.

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Early neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with asymptomatic congenital CMV infection

Maria Novelli et al.

Summary: This study investigated the impact of asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection on neurological outcomes in children. The results showed that most children had normal neurological development, but some displayed minor abnormalities. This suggests the importance of monitoring neurodevelopment in infants with cytomegalovirus infection.

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Prenatal cytomegalovirus, rubella, and Zika virus infections associated with developmental disabilities: past, present, and future

Eliza Gordon-Lipkin et al.

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Long-Term Outcomes of Infants with Congenital Zika Virus Infection in Ecuador: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study

Miguel Garcia-Boyano et al.

Summary: In Ecuador, most children born with congenital Zika virus (ZIKV) infection showed severe characteristics of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), such as severe microcephaly, severe neurodevelopmental delay, and epileptic seizures. Two of the patients died.

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Outcome of fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and normal ultrasound at diagnosis: systematic review and meta-analysis

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Pregnancy and viral infections: Mechanisms of fetal damage, diagnosis and prevention of neonatal adverse outcomes from cytomegalovirus to SARS-CoV-2 and Zika virus

Cinzia Auriti et al.

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BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE (2021)

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Complications and Sequelae in Patients With Congenital Microcephaly Associated With Zika Virus Infection: Two-Year Follow-Up

Luane A. Gouvea et al.

Summary: Children with microcephaly due to Zika virus experienced various complications during follow-up, including epilepsy, spastic diplegia, and global developmental delay.

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Zika virus infection in pregnant women and their children: A review

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY (2021)

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Economic assessments of the burden of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and the cost-effectiveness of prevention strategies

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Summary: The review of economic analyses on congenital cytomegalovirus infection highlighted an overestimation of certain adverse long-term outcomes and a lack of inclusion of other long-term costs. Limited conceptual frameworks, unrepresentative data sources, and unsupported assumptions hinder policymakers' ability to draw conclusions. Further research on long-term outcomes and costs for representative cohorts is needed to address these limitations.

SEMINARS IN PERINATOLOGY (2021)

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Adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with confirmed Zika Virus infection in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A cohort study

Juliana P. Souza et al.

Summary: The study revealed that Zika virus infection in early pregnancy led to more severe adverse outcomes in offspring, while infections in later pregnancy were more likely to result in asymptomatic newborns. Follow-up studies in this population are important to monitor long-term effects.

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Toxoplasmosis: stages of the protozoan life cycle and risk assessment in humans and animals for an enhanced awareness and an improved socio-economic status

Esam S. Al-Malki

Summary: Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed protozoan parasite that mainly spreads through consuming contaminated food, close contact with cats and dogs, and vulnerable groups include immunosuppressed individuals and pregnant women. The eradication of toxoplasmosis could be achieved by improving people's socio-economic level.

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The Effect of COVID-19 Infection During Pregnancy; Evaluating Neonatal Outcomes and the Impact of the B.1.1.7. Variant

Claire A. Murphy et al.

Summary: Research shows that there is no increase in preterm birth or neonatal intensive care unit admission after COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Maternal symptom status does not influence neonatal outcomes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 in early pregnancy and the emerging Delta variant.

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The impact of COVID-19 infection on the cytokine profile of pregnant women: A prospective case-control study

Atakan Tanacan et al.

Summary: The study found that COVID-19 infection affects the cytokine profile of pregnant women, varying according to pregnancy trimesters, and cytokine levels appear to be correlated with disease severity.

CYTOKINE (2021)

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Placental Immune Responses to Viruses: Molecular and Histo-Pathologic Perspectives

Kavita Narang et al.

Summary: Congenital and perinatal infections pose significant risks to pregnant women, potentially leading to fetal infection and long-term developmental consequences. Some pathogens can directly infect the fetus by crossing the placenta, while others induce maternal or placental inflammation that indirectly harms the fetus. The placenta is a temporary but critical organ that plays vital roles in facilitating fetal nutrition, oxygenation, and protection against in utero infection.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Ebola, Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Infections in Neonates and Infants

Annabelle de St Maurice et al.

CLINICS IN PERINATOLOGY (2021)

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Syphilis in Neonates and Infants

Alexandra K. Medoro et al.

CLINICS IN PERINATOLOGY (2021)

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Heterogeneous development of children with Congenital Zika Syndrome-associated microcephaly

Juan P. Aguilar Ticona et al.

Summary: Children with CZS-associated microcephaly exhibit severe neurodevelopmental delays and slower growth rates compared to their peers. However, their neurodevelopmental profiles vary significantly based on neurological exam scores.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Virology

Neurodevelopment in Children Exposed to Zika Virus: What Are the Consequences for Children Who Do Not Present with Microcephaly at Birth?

Paula Fabiana Sobral da Silva et al.

Summary: This study suggests that children exposed to Zika virus without microcephaly do not show significantly increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment compared to unexposed peers, although a small group may exhibit cognitive delays. Moreover, abnormal neuroclinical examination results in exposed children may predict developmental delays.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Burden and Epidemiologic Risk Factors in Countries With Universal Screening A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Paddy Ssentongo et al.

Summary: This study highlights that low- and middle-income countries bear the greatest burden of congenital cytomegalovirus infection, urging global efforts to address the issue in regions with high prevalence. Screening methods using blood samples showed lower infection rates compared to urine or saliva samples.

JAMA NETWORK OPEN (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Pregnancy, Birth, Infant, and Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes among a Cohort of Women with Symptoms of Zika Virus Disease during Pregnancy in Three Surveillance Sites, Project Vigilancia de Embarazadas con Zika (VEZ), Colombia, 2016-2018

Marcela Mercado-Reyes et al.

Summary: The Vigilancia de Embarazadas con Zika (VEZ) project in Colombia aimed to evaluate adverse outcomes in pregnancies with Zika virus symptoms. Results showed a higher proportion of Zika-associated brain or eye defects in pregnancies with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection.

TROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Following Second and Third Trimester Maternal Infection Is Associated With Mild Childhood Adverse Outcome Not Predicted by Prenatal Imaging

Tal Elkan Miller et al.

Summary: This study investigated the impact of second and third trimester congenital cytomegalovirus infection on fetal and childhood development, finding that second trimester infection may lead to mild childhood sequelae, mainly partial unilateral hearing loss, and prenatal imaging failed to predict the development of childhood adverse outcomes.

JOURNAL OF THE PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY (2021)

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Early Clinical Infancy Outcomes for Microcephaly and/or Small for Gestational Age Zika-Exposed Infants

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Socioemotional Status of Children With Uterine Exposure to the Zika Virus

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Brain abnormalities on neuroimaging in Children with Congenital Zika Syndrome in Salvador, Brazil, and its possible implications on neuropsychological development

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The MRI spectrum of congenital cytomegalovirus infection

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Functional Outcomes among a Cohort of Children in Northeastern Brazil Meeting Criteria for Follow-Up of Congenital Zika Virus Infection

Jeanne Bertolli et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE (2020)

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Congenital syphilis: A contemporary update on an ancient disease

Martha W. F. Rac et al.

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Lights and Shadows of TORCH Infection Proteomics

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Maternal type of CMV infection and sequelae in infants with congenital CMV: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Panagiota-Georgia Maltezou et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Pediatrics

Neurological outcomes of congenital Zika syndrome in toddlers and preschoolers: a case series

Heloisa Viscaino Fernandes Souza Pereira et al.

LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY (2020)

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EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (2020)

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PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL (2018)

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SEMINARS IN PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY (2012)

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