Adipose tissue-derived lipokines in metabolism

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Reassessing Human Adipose Tissue

Aaron M. Cypess

Summary: This review reevaluates human adipose tissue, discussing its roles in obesity and its important complementary functions in the endocrine system.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The endocrine adipose organ

Saverio Cinti

REVIEWS IN ENDOCRINE & METABOLIC DISORDERS (2022)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The endocrine role of brown adipose tissue: An update on actors and actions

Aleix Gavalda-Navarro et al.

Summary: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) acts as an endocrine organ by secreting regulatory factors known as batokines, which exert effects on various tissues and organs including the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. These batokines play a role in regulating insulin sensitivity, hepatic steatosis, glucose metabolism, and other physiological processes, and further research is needed to understand their impact on human metabolism.

REVIEWS IN ENDOCRINE & METABOLIC DISORDERS (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Bioactive lipids and metabolic syndrome-a symposium report

Loren M. DeVito et al.

Summary: Recent research has revealed the cellular and molecular functions of bioactive lipids as signaling molecules in regulating inflammation and lipid metabolism, which can help identify mechanisms targeted to prevent or treat cardiometabolic conditions.

ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Endothelial Cells Induced Progenitors Into Brown Fat to Reduce Atherosclerosis

Kyoungmin Park et al.

Summary: This study found that activation of endothelial cells and eNOS by insulin can promote differentiation of PPCs into BAT, improving systemic bioenergetics and reducing atherosclerosis. This suggests that endothelial dysfunction is a major contributor of energy disequilibrium in obesity.

CIRCULATION RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Maresin-2 alleviates allergic airway inflammation in mice by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, Th2 type immune response and oxidative stress

Cheng-xiu Yu et al.

Summary: The results of the study show that MaR2 can alleviate the inflammatory response and mucus secretion in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. This may be achieved through the inhibition of Th2 type immune response, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and oxidative stress.

MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Adipocyte-derived PGE2 is required for intermittent fasting-induced Treg proliferation and improvement of insulin sensitivity

Chunqing Wang et al.

Summary: The intermittent fasting (IF) diet has been found to have significant benefits for diabetes prevention, but the specific mechanisms underlying its effects are not well understood. This study shows that COX-2 expression is suppressed in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese humans and is upregulated in the WAT of obese mice when subjected to IF. Depletion of COX-2 in adipocytes leads to a decrease in the fractions of Tregs and a decrease in the frequency of macrophages in WAT, along with an increase in the abundance of gamma delta T cells. Adipocyte-derived PGE2 promotes Treg proliferation and is essential for the immune and metabolic benefits of IF.

JCI INSIGHT (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

ATGL is a biosynthetic enzyme for fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids

Rucha Patel et al.

Summary: In this study, the researchers identified adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) as the first biosynthetic enzyme for the formation of the FAHFA ester bond in mammals. They found that ATGL uses transacylase activity to esterify hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) with fatty acids (FAs) from triglycerides (TGs) or diglycerides (DGs) to produce FAHFAs. The expression of ATGL and the activity of DGAT were found to be closely associated with FAHFA biosynthesis.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Maresin 2 is an analgesic specialized pro-resolution lipid mediator in mice by inhibiting neutrophil and monocyte recruitment, nociceptor neuron TRPV1 and TRPA1 activation, and CGRP release

Victor Fattori et al.

Summary: MaR2 is an analgesic specialized pro-resolution lipid mediator that acts by reducing neutrophil recruitment, inhibiting nociceptor TRPV1 and TRPA1 activation, and decreasing CGRP release.

NEUROPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The biological actions of prostanoids in adipose tissue in physiological and pathophysiological conditions

Erkan Civelek et al.

Summary: This article reviews the biological effects of prostanoids in adipose tissue. It discusses the interaction of prostanoids with adipokines, the expression of prostanoid receptors, and prostanoid synthase enzymes. Studies have shown that prostanoids play a critical role in inflammation, lipolysis, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, browning of adipocytes, and vascular tone regulation in adipose tissue. Therefore, targeting prostanoids may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing or treating obesity and related diseases.

PROSTAGLANDINS LEUKOTRIENES AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS (2022)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Brown adipose tissue-derived MaR2 contributes to cold-induced resolution of inflammation

Satoru Sugimoto et al.

Summary: The study found that cold exposure can improve obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance, and enhance glucose tolerance. The beneficial effects are dependent on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver. The researchers discovered that cold and beta 3-adrenergic stimulation promote the production of MaR2 from BAT, which reduces inflammation in obesity, particularly targeting macrophages in the liver.

NATURE METABOLISM (2022)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

A Novel Endocrine Role for the BAT-Released Lipokine 12,13-diHOME to Mediate Cardiac Function

Kelsey M. Pinckard et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that brown adipose tissue (BAT) improves cardiac function through the release of the lipokine 12,13-diHOME. Sustained overexpression of 12,13-diHOME can mitigate the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet on the heart, while incubation of cardiomyocytes with 12,13-diHOME enhances mitochondrial respiration.

CIRCULATION (2021)

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Editorial Material Endocrinology & Metabolism

Further Evidence that Breast Milk Lipids Control Adiposity

Tamas Roeszer

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Distinct roles of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in the catabolism of triacylglycerol estolides

Kristyna Brejchova et al.

Summary: Branched esters of palmitic acid and hydroxy stearic acid, known as FAHFAs, are anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic lipokines. Two major metabolic lipases, ATGL and HSL, play distinct roles in the degradation of TAG estolides and FAHFAs. ATGL liberates FAHFAs preferentially from more compact substrates, while HSL acts as a potent estolide bond hydrolase for both TAG estolides and free FAHFAs.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Brown and beige adipose tissue: a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Long Cheng et al.

Summary: There are two major types of adipose tissue in mammals, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), with different functions. White adipocytes can transdifferentiate into beige adipocytes, which play a significant role in the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Activation of BAT and induction of browning of WAT may provide a new strategy for improving glycolipid metabolism and insulin resistance in obese and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.

ADIPOCYTE (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The evolving view of thermogenic adipocytes - ontogeny, niche and function

Farnaz Shamsi et al.

Summary: Obesity and metabolic disorders are highly related to adipose tissue, and activating and expanding BAT and beige adipose tissue can increase energy expenditure and potentially treat obesity.

NATURE REVIEWS ENDOCRINOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Fibroblast growth factor induced Ucp1 expression in preadipocytes requires PGE2 biosynthesis and glycolytic flux

Thomas Gantert et al.

Summary: The study found that fibroblast growth factors can upregulate Ucp1 expression in both brown and white adipocyte precursor cells independent of adipogenesis, involving prostaglandin and glucose metabolism and dependent on transcription factors such as Nrf1 and Hes1.

FASEB JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

ω3 fatty acid metabolite, 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, alleviates contact hypersensitivity by downregulation of CXCL1 and CXCL2 gene expression in keratinocytes via retinoid X receptor α

Azusa Saika et al.

Summary: The study revealed that 12-HEPE is the predominant metabolite of Ω-3 fatty acids in the skin, exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration. This differential metabolic progression in different organs highlights the importance of understanding the role of diet in regulating inflammatory responses.

FASEB JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Changes in brown adipose tissue lipid mediator signatures with aging, obesity, and DHA supplementation in female mice

Elisa Felix-Soriano et al.

Summary: The dysfunction of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in aging and obesity may be related to a decrease in production of specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs), especially under chronic unresolved inflammation. While a diet rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can partially restore BAT dysfunction, it does not significantly alter the levels of specific SPMs. Despite increasing DHA-derived SPMs, it does not improve the response of BAT to cold exposure in obese-aged mice.

FASEB JOURNAL (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Resolution of inflammation: An organizing principle in biology and medicine

Dipak Panigrahy et al.

Summary: The resolution of inflammation is a critical endogenous process that protects host tissues from chronic inflammation, with failure of resolution being a key mechanism for progression of inflammation-driven diseases. Specialized pro-resolving mediators derived from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate endogenous resolution programs by limiting neutrophil infiltration and promoting immune cell-mediated clearance, highlighting their therapeutic potential across various inflammatory diseases including cancer.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

12-Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid inhibits foam cell formation and ameliorates high-fat diet-induced pathology of atherosclerosis in mice

Takahiro Nagatake et al.

Summary: This study investigated the impact of dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids on atherosclerosis development and found that supplementing high-fat diet with alpha-linolenic acid-rich linseed oil improved atherosclerosis while inhibiting foam cell formation. The study also revealed a significant increase in the anti-inflammatory metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (12-HEPE) in mice fed with linseed oil, which improved pulsatility and resistive indexes and inhibited macrophage foam cell transformation in a PPARγ-dependent manner.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Distinct biological activities of isomers from several families of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs)

Pratik Aryal et al.

Summary: FAHFAs have specific biological actions including enhancing glucose stimulated insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and anti-inflammatory effects. Some FAHFAs activate G protein-coupled receptor 40 and attenuate chemokine and cytokine expression and secretion in immune cells. The study suggests that FAHFAs with unsaturated acyl chains and higher branched structures are more likely to enhance insulin secretion, while those with lower branching are more likely to have anti-inflammatory effects.

JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Brown Fat-Activating Lipokine 12,13-diHOME in Human Milk Is Associated With Infant Adiposity

Danielle Wolfs et al.

Summary: The study found that 12,13-diHOME is present in human milk for the first time and its concentration is associated with infant adiposity, along with other oxidized linoleic acid metabolites. Additionally, the abundance of lipids in milk is related to thermogenesis.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Circulating palmitoleic acid is an independent determinant of insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and glucose tolerance in non-diabetic individuals: a longitudinal analysis

Domenico Trico et al.

DIABETOLOGIA (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Lipokine 5-PAHSA Is Regulated by Adipose Triglyceride Lipase and Primes Adipocytes for De Novo Lipogenesis in Mice

Veronika Paluchova et al.

DIABETES (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Long-term high intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA increases basal metabolism and insulin sensitivity but disrupts liver homeostasis in healthy mice

Melha Benlebna et al.

JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The Presence of Active Brown Adipose Tissue Determines Cold-Induced Energy Expenditure and Oxylipin Profiles in Humans

Oana C. Kulterer et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

FGF6 and FGF9 regulate UCP1 expression independent of brown adipogenesis

Farnaz Shamsi et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Food Science & Technology

Triacylglycerol-Rich Oils of Marine Origin are Optimal Nutrients for Induction of Polyunsaturated Docosahexaenoic Acid Ester of Hydroxy Linoleic Acid (13-DHAHLA) with Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Mice

Veronika Paluchova et al.

MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Adipose tissue depot differences in adipokines and effects on skeletal and cardiac muscle

Amaia Rodriguez et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Atlas of Inflammation Resolution (AIR)

Charles N. Serhan et al.

MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Adipose Tissue Lipokines: Recent Progress and Future Directions

Veronica L. Li et al.

DIABETES (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Anatomy and physiology of the nutritional system

Saverio Cinti

MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

12-Lipoxygenase Regulates Cold Adaptation and Glucose Metabolism by Producing the Omega-3 Lipid 12-HEPE from Brown Fat

Luiz Osorio Leiria et al.

CELL METABOLISM (2019)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

The proposed systemic thermogenic metabolites succinate and 12,13-diHOME are inversely associated with adiposity and related metabolic traits: evidence from a large human cross-sectional study

Senthil K. Vasan et al.

DIABETOLOGIA (2019)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The endocrine function of adipose tissues in health and cardiometabolic disease

Ludger Scheja et al.

NATURE REVIEWS ENDOCRINOLOGY (2019)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

PAHSAs enhance hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity through direct and indirect mechanisms

Peng Zhou et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2019)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

The Regulation of Lipokines by Environmental Factors

Diego Hernandez-Saavedra et al.

NUTRIENTS (2019)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Lipokines and Thermogenesis

Matthew D. Lynes et al.

ENDOCRINOLOGY (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

12,13-diHOME: An Exercise-Induced Lipokine that Increases Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Uptake

Kristin I. Stanford et al.

CELL METABOLISM (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Palmitic Acid Hydroxystearic Acids Activate GPR40, Which Is Involved in Their Beneficial Effects on Glucose Homeostasis

Ismail Syed et al.

CELL METABOLISM (2018)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Resolvins in inflammation: emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators

Charles N. Serhan et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2018)

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Review Immunology

Bioactive Lipids and Chronic Inflammation: Managing the Fire Within

Valerio Chiurchiu et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Microfluidic-enabled quantitative measurements of insulin release dynamics from single islets of Langerhans in response to 5-palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acid

Basel Bandak et al.

LAB ON A CHIP (2018)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Eicosanoid receptors: Targets for the treatment of disrupted intestinal epithelial homeostasis

Juan J. Moreno

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2017)

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Article Cell Biology

Mammary alveolar epithelial cells convert to brown adipocytes in post-lactating mice

Antonio Giordano et al.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults

Majid Ezzati et al.

LANCET (2017)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The cold-induced lipokine 12,13-diHOME promotes fatty acid transport into brown adipose tissue

Matthew D. Lynes et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

De Novo Lipogenesis Products and Endogenous Lipokines

Mustafa Yilmaz et al.

DIABETES (2016)

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Review Immunology

Eicosanoid storm in infection and inflammation

Edward A. Dennis et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2015)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Discovery of a Class of Endogenous Mammalian Lipids with Anti-Diabetic and Anti-inflammatory Effects

Mark M. Yore et al.

CELL (2014)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Lysophosphatidic acid impairs glucose homeostasis and inhibits insulin secretion in high-fat diet obese mice

C. Rancoule et al.

DIABETOLOGIA (2013)

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Article Cell Biology

Inhibiting Adipose Tissue Lipogenesis Reprograms Thermogenesis and PPARγ Activation to Decrease Diet-Induced Obesity

Irian J. Lodhi et al.

CELL METABOLISM (2012)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Identification of a lipokine, a lipid hormone linking adipose tissue to systemic metabolism

Haiming Cao et al.

CELL (2008)

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Adipose tissue-derived lipokines in metabolism

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