Journal
CROP PROTECTION
Volume 169, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106244
Keywords
16S ribosomal RNA; Cassava; ? Ca; Phytoplasma luffae?-related strain; Genetic diversity; Witches? broom
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Cassava witches' broom (CWB) disease, caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma luffae 16SrVIII, is a major challenge for the cassava industry in the Philippines. This study reveals the widespread presence of CWB in the country and provides important information about the genetic diversity and structure of the phytoplasma strain. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of CWB and can help in developing effective strategies for disease detection and management.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is widely grown in the Philippines mainly for human consumption, animal feed, and industrial purposes. However, the cassava industry is recently challenged by the cassava witches??? broom (CWB) disease which is known to be caused by phytoplasmas. The extent of the disease and the causal phytoplasma strain in the country are not known until this study. Surveys in major cassava areas in the Philippines conducted from 2017 to 2019 revealed that CWB is present in 13 out of 19 provinces assessed in this study, with symptoms ranging from leaf proliferation, little leaf, shortened internodes, stunted growth, discoloration of the vascular system, and small tubers. Molecular detection (through nested PCR) and sequence analysis of phytoplasma 16S ribosomal RNA gene from CWB-infected plants showed high genetic similarity of >98.65% to Candidatus Phytoplasma luffae 16SrVIII. In addition, the 18 phytoplasma isolates from five provinces successfully grouped to Ca. Phytoplasma luffae 16SrVIII clade in the constructed phylogenetic tree. Analysis on the genetic diversity and structure of Ca. Phytoplasma luffae 16SrVIII sequences from cassava and other host plant species revealed low genetic diversity indices and a rudimentary genetic structure with high haplotype diversity. Meanwhile, neutrality tests showed evidence of recent population expansion in Ca. Phytoplasma luffae 16SrVIII. This is the first study to identify ???Ca. Phytoplasma luffae???-related strain (16SrVIII) as the causal pathogen of CWB in the Philippines. The information generated in this study can help in better understanding the etiology of the disease and in formulating proper and effective strategies to detect and manage the disease in the Philippines.
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