Frost jacking characteristics of prefabricated cone cylindrical tower foundation in cold regions

Summary: This study provides a critical review of frost heaving of piles, including the mechanisms, methods for obtaining heave response and uplift forces, design guidelines, and technical measures to address frost jacking issues. It distinguishes misleading concepts found in laboratory and field tests and describes the evolution of pile heaving in the field. Different design practices and protective measures against frost jacking hazards are compared, and future research directions are discussed.