On the Active Components in Crystalline Li-Nb-O and Li-Ta-O Coatings from First Principles

Layered-oxide LiNixMnyCo(1- x-y)O(2) (NMC) positive electrodes with high nickel content deliver high voltages and energy densities. However, a high nickel content, e.g., x = 0.8 (NMC811), can lead to high surface reactivity, which can trigger thermal runaway and gas generation. While claimed safer, all-solidstate batteries still suffer from high interfacial resistance. Here, we investigate niobate and tantalate coating materials, which can mitigate the interfacial reactivities in Li-ion and all-solid-state batteries. First-principles calculations reveal the multiphasic nature of Li-Nb-O and Li-Ta-O coatings, containing mixtures of LiNbO3 and Li3NbO4 or of LiTaO3 and Li3TaO4. The concurrence of several phases in Li-Nb-O or Li-Ta-O modulates the type of stable native defects in these coatings. Li-Nb-O and Li-Ta-O coating materials can favorably form lithium vacancies Vac' Li and antisite defects NbLi center dot center dot center dot center dot (TaLi center dot center dot center dot center dot) combined into charge-neutral defect complexes. Even in defective crystalline LiNbO3 (or LiTaO3), we reveal poor Li-ion conduction properties. In contrast, Li3NbO4 and Li3TaO4 that are introduced by high-temperature calcinations can provide adequate Li-ion transport in these coatings. Our in-depth investigation of the structure-property relationships in the important Li-Nb-O and Li-Ta-O coating materials helps to develop more suitable calcination protocols to maximize the functional properties of these niobates and tantalates.

Automated summary

Niobate and tantalate coating materials can mitigate the interfacial reactivities in Li-ion and all-solid-state batteries by forming stable native defects and enhancing Li-ion transport. The multiphasic nature of Li-Nb-O and Li-Ta-O coatings, containing mixtures of LiNbO3 and Li3NbO4 or of LiTaO3 and Li3TaO4, was revealed through first-principles calculations.