Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Porous Silica Materials as Heterogeneous Catalysts of C-C Coupling and Cross-Coupling Reactions

Noble metal nanoparticles supported on porous silica materials represent an important class of heterogeneous catalysts. Recently, a remarkable progress has been made concerning the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic application of noble metal nanoparticles immobilized on zeolites and mesoporous silica-based materials. Various synthesis strategies have been developed, including the application of ligand-assisted metal precursors, multistep synthesis procedures, post-synthetic modifications, and magnetic mesoporous silica particles. Emphasis has been laid on the introduction of green procedures, based on the utilization of environmentally friendly solvents, efficient stabilizing agents, non-toxic reagents, and mild reaction conditions. Palladium nanoparticles have long been recognized as the most efficient catalysts in a wide range of organic transformations, including the Heck, Suzuki, Stille, and Sonogashira reactions. Although these transformations have been extensively investigated in homogeneous catalytic systems, the application of heterogeneous catalysts, including silica-supported Pd-0 nanoparticles, has gained in increasing importance. This may be due to the easy handling and recovery of the latter catalysts, which facilitates their repeated applications. The aim of this review is to provide an outlook on the current research progress achieved on the development of novel synthetic procedures, affording highly dispersed Pd-0 nanoparticles immobilized on porous silica materials, which proved to be efficient and recyclable catalysts in C-C coupling and cross-coupling reactions. The focus of this review is on results published in the last six years with a handful of examples in previous years.

Automated summary

Noble metal nanoparticles supported on porous silica materials are important heterogeneous catalysts. Recent progress has been made in the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic application of noble metal nanoparticles immobilized on zeolites and mesoporous silica-based materials. Various synthesis strategies have been developed, with a focus on green procedures using environmentally friendly solvents, efficient stabilizing agents, non-toxic reagents, and mild reaction conditions.