The Association of Vitamin D Status and Vitamin D Replacement Therapy with Glycemic Control, Serum Uric Acid Levels, and Microalbuminuria in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease

Objective: To evaluate the relationship of vitamin D status and vitamin D replacement therapy with glycemic control, serum uric acid (SUA) levels, and microalbuminuria (MAU) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Subjects and Methods: A total of 1,463 patients with T2DM and CKD (aged 14-88 years), 927 females and 536 males, were included in this study. The serum data of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, i.e., 25(OH) D, level, SUA, hemoglobin (Hb) A1(c), creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were obtained from the medical records. The Mann-Whitney U test, the. 2 test, the Mantel-Haenszel test, and linear regression models were used for data analysis. Results: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were evident in 770 (52.0%) and 357 (24.0%) patients, respectively. Median HbA1(c) levels (7.3 [IQR 3.9] vs. 6.5 [IQR 2.3]%; p < 0.01) were significantly higher in patients deficient in vitamin D than in those with a normal vitamin D status. A significantly low level of vitamin D was noted with a high UACR (beta -0.01; 95% CI - 0.01 to -0.001; p = 0.017) and HbA1(c) (beta - 1.1; 95% CI - 1.6 to -0.6; p < 0.001), but with low levels of SUA (beta 1.3; 95% CI 0.5-2.2; p = 0.002). Vitamin D replacement was associated with a significantly low level of HbA1(c) (7.4 [2.7] vs. 6.7 [1.9]%; p < 0.001]. Conclusion: In this study, there was a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among T2DM patients with CKD, with a higher UACR, higher HbA1 c, and lower SUA being noted as playing a role in predicting a decrease in vitamin D levels and potential benefits of vitamin D replacement therapy on glycemic control in T2DM management. (C) 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel