Cathepsins and SARS-CoV-2 infection: From pathogenic factors to potential therapeutic targets

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The COVID-19 pandemic began in March 2020 and has wrought havoc on health and economic systems worldwide. Efficacious treatment for COVID-19 is lacking: Only preventive measures as well as symptomatic and supportive care are available. Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that lysosomal cathepsins might contribute to the pathogenesis and disease outcome of COVID-19. Here, we discuss cutting-edge evidence on the pathological roles of cathepsins in SARS-CoV-2 infection, host immune dysregulations, and the possible underlying mechanisms. Cathepsins are attractive drug targets because of their defined substrate-binding pockets, which can be exploited as binding sites for pharmaceutical enzyme inhibitors. Accordingly, the potential modulatory strategies of cathepsin activity are discussed. These insights could shed light on the development of cathepsin-based interventions for COVID-19.

Automated summary

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in March 2020, has had devastating effects on global health and economies. Currently, there is a lack of effective treatment for COVID-19, with only preventive measures and supportive care available. Studies have suggested that lysosomal cathepsins may play a role in the pathogenesis and outcome of COVID-19.