Journal
BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Volume 140, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106809
Keywords
G protein-coupled receptors; GPCR dimerization; Bivalent ligands; Drug-like small molecules
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This review provides an overview of the design strategy of bivalent ligands for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and mainly focuses on their application in studying and detecting GPCR dimerization in vitro and in vivo. Bivalent ligands have specific properties and are capable of binding to GPCR homodimers or heterodimers simultaneously, showing specific signal transduction compared to monovalent ligands.
In the past decades an increasing number of studies revealed that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are capable of forming dimers or even higher-ordered oligomers, which may modulate receptor function and act as potential drug targets. In this review, we briefly summarized the design strategy of bivalent GPCR ligands and mainly focused on how to use them to study and/or detect GPCP dimerization in vitro and in vivo. Bivalent ligands show specific properties relative to their corresponding monomeric ligands because they are able to bind to GPCR homodimers or heterodimers simultaneously. For example, bivalent ligands with optimal length of spacers often exhibited higher binding affinities for dimers compared to that of monomers. Furthermore, bivalent ligands displayed specific signal transduction compared to monovalent ligands. Finally, we give our perspective on targeting GPCR dimers from traditional bivalent ligands to more drug-like small molecules.
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