Spectacular role of epididymis and bio-active cargo of nano-scale exosome in sperm maturation: A review

The epididymis is responsible for post-testicular sperm maturation as it provides a favorable environment for spermatozoa to gain the ability for movement and fertilization. The recent evidence has shown that, the sper-matozoa are vulnerable to dynamic variations driven by various cellular exposure mechanisms mediated by epididymosomes. Exosomes provide new insight into a mechanism of intercellular communication because they provide direct evidence for the transfer of several important bio-active cargo elements (proteins, lipid, DNA, mRNA, microRNA, circular RNA, long noncoding RNA) between epididymis and spermatozoa. In broad sense, proteomic analysis of exosomes from epididymis indicates number of proteins that are involved in sperm motility, acrosomal reaction, prevent pre-mature sperm capacitation and male infertility. Pinpointing, how reproductive disorders are associated with bio-active cargo elements of nano-scale exosome in the male repro-ductive tract. Therefore, the current review presents evidence regarding the distinctive characteristics and functions of nano-scale exosome in the male reproductive tract in both pathological and physiological de-velopments, and argue that these vesicles serve as an important regulator of male reproduction, fertility, and disease susceptibility.

Automated summary

The epididymis is responsible for sperm maturation by creating a favorable environment for spermatozoa. Recent evidence suggests that exosomes, which contain important bio-active cargo elements, facilitate communication between the epididymis and spermatozoa. Proteomic analysis of exosomes from the epididymis indicates their role in sperm motility, acrosomal reaction, and male infertility. This review highlights the distinctive characteristics and functions of nano-scale exosomes in the male reproductive tract, emphasizing their importance in male reproduction, fertility, and disease susceptibility.