Constraining Baryon Loading Efficiency of Active Galactic Nuclei with Diffuse Neutrino Flux from Galaxy Clusters

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are widely believed to be one of the promising acceleration sites of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (CRs). Essentially, AGNs are powered by the gravitational energy of matter falling into supermassive black holes. However, the conversion efficiency of gravitational to kinetic energy of CRs in AGNs, which is defined as the baryon loading factor eta p , is not well known yet. After being accelerated, high-energy CRs could escape the host galaxy and enter the intracluster medium (ICM). These CRs can be confined within the galaxy cluster and produce gamma-rays and neutrinos through proton-proton collisions with the ICM. In this paper, we study the diffusion of CRs in galaxy clusters and calculate the diffuse neutrino flux from the galaxy cluster population. Using the latest upper limits on the cumulative unresolved TeV-PeV neutrino flux from galaxy clusters posed by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, we derive the upper limit of the average baryon loading factor as eta p,grav less than or similar to 2 x 10-3 - 0.1 for the population of galaxy clusters. This constraint is more stringent than the one obtained from gamma-ray observation on the Coma cluster.

Automated summary

This study investigates the diffusion of cosmic rays in galaxy clusters and calculates the diffuse neutrino flux from the galaxy cluster population. It derives the upper limit of the average baryon loading factor, which is important for understanding the efficiency of cosmic ray acceleration in AGNs.