Variations in the intermediate wind region of the blue supergiant 55 Cygni

Context. The quantitative near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic synthesis is an important technique for determining wind properties of massive stars. The Br alpha line is an excellent mass-loss tracer and provides valuable information on the physical conditions of intermediate-wind regions. The knowledge of the wind properties gained by studying the NIR lines could provide extra ingredients to the theory of line-driven winds, mainly because the standard theory does not predict observed properties of blue supergiants, such as high values for the beta parameter (beta> 2), low terminal velocities, and mass-loss variability. Aims. We seek to enhance our understanding of the wind properties of B supergiants. To this end, we propose analysing their NIR spectra over different epochs to study wind variability and its connection with phenomena arising from regions close to the photosphere. Methods. We present the first sets of multi-epoch high-resolution K- and L-band spectra of 55 Cyg acquired with the Gemini Near-InfraRed Spectrograph (GNIRS). We measured line equivalent widths and modelled the Br alpha line to derive (unclumped) mass-loss rates. Synthetic line profiles were computed for a homogeneous spherical wind by solving the radiative transfer equations in the co-moving frame for a multi-level atom in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE). Results. We observe variations in the spectral lines originating in the upper photosphere and the wind. The perturbations, on average, have periods of similar to 13 and similar to 23 days; the latter is similar to that found previously from optical data (22.5 days). The NIR lines observed in 2013 are described with the same wind structure used to model a quasi-simultaneous observation in H alpha. By contrast, from observations taken in 2015, we derived a higher mean mass-loss rate. Variations in the mass-loss rate are also detected within a few weeks. Interestingly, we find that the profile shape of the Hu(14) line sets constraints on the mass loss. Moreover, we find the Mg II doublet in emission, which suggests a tenuous circumstellar gas ring or shell. Conclusions. The variability detected in the NIR H emission lines of 55 Cyg is related to changes in the mass-loss rate, which doubled its value between 2013 and 2015. Furthermore, the short-term variability (within three weeks) in the spectral lines and mass loss supports the hypothesis of strange-mode oscillations. This pilot project demonstrates the importance of comprehensive monitoring of blue supergiants' variability to deeply understand the physical properties of their stellar winds and the role of pulsations in recurrently enhancing mass loss.

Automated summary

The study focuses on the wind properties of B supergiants by analyzing their near-infrared (NIR) spectra. Variations in the mass-loss rate and spectral lines are observed, with some interesting features such as constraints set by the line profile shape and the presence of a circumstellar gas ring or shell.