Household laundry detergents disrupt barrier integrity and induce inflammation in mouse and human skin

BackgroundEpithelial barrier impairment is associated with many skin and mucosal inflammatory disorders. Laundry detergents have been demonstrated to affect epithelial barrier function in vitro using air-liquid interface cultures of human epithelial cells.MethodsBack skin of C57BL/6 mice was treated with two household laundry detergents at several dilutions. Barrier function was assessed by electric impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements after the 4 h of treatments with detergents. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and targeted multiplex proteomics analyses in skin biopsy samples were performed. The 6-h treatment effect of laundry detergent and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was investigated on ex vivo human skin.ResultsDetergent-treated skin showed a significant EIS reduction and TEWL increase compared to untreated skin, with a relatively higher sensitivity and dose-response in EIS. The RNA-seq showed the reduction of the expression of several genes essential for skin barrier integrity, such as tight junctions and adherens junction proteins. In contrast, keratinization, lipid metabolic processes, and epidermal cell differentiation were upregulated. Proteomics analysis showed that the detergents treatment generally downregulated cell adhesion-related proteins, such as epithelial cell adhesion molecule and contactin-1, and upregulated proinflammatory proteins, such as interleukin 6 and interleukin 1 beta. Both detergent and SDS led to a significant decrease in EIS values in the ex vivo human skin model.ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that laundry detergents and its main component, SDS impaired the epidermal barrier in vivo and ex vivo human skin. Daily detergent exposure may cause skin barrier disruption and may contribute to the development of atopic diseases. Household laundry detergents led to reduced electrical impedance, indicating impaired skin barrier. RNA-seq and targeted multiplex protein analyses in skin biopsy demonstrated that laundry detergents disrupted several major pathways involved in the skin barrier and induced inflammation. Laundry detergents and SDS caused barrier damage in ex vivo human skin. ACVRL1, activin A receptor like type; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; CLSTN2, calsyntenin-2; CNTN1, contactin-1; EPCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule; FASTL3, follistatin-related protein 3; IL1B, interleukin 1 beta; IL6, interleukin 6; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; RNA-seq, RNA sequencing; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate.image

Automated summary

The study demonstrated that household laundry detergents and SDS impaired the epidermal barrier in both in vivo and ex vivo human skin models. Daily exposure to detergents may lead to skin barrier disruption and contribute to the development of atopic diseases. Laundry detergents caused reduced electrical impedance, disrupted major pathways involved in skin barrier integrity, and induced inflammation.