Nitrogen fixation among pea and lentil varieties in the Northern Great Plains

Pulse crops, including lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.), can improve the sustainability of Northern Great Plains cropping systems, largely through biological N fixation. Greater N fixation amounts can help producers to increase yield while decreasing N fertilizer inputs for the following crop. There may be potential to breed greater N-fixing pulse varieties, yet little is known about varietal differences in N fixation. Nitrogen fixation of pea and lentil varieties was quantified at two sites in Montana from 2019 to 2021 using an N difference approach and the N-15 natural abundance method. Riveland and CDC Richlea were frequently high N-fixing lentil varieties, both fixing ca. 130 kg N ha(-1) in the site-year with the most favorable growing conditions. No pea variety had consistently greater N fixation than others, despite N fixation ranging from 88 to 135 kg N ha(-1) in one site-year among varieties. Nitrogen fixation by lentil had an inverse relationship with days to flowering but was not correlated with days to maturity. Nitrogen fixation by pea was positively correlated with days to maturity but was not correlated with days to flowering. Breeding lentil and pea for high N fixation by selecting high N-fixing varieties is likely difficult, as varieties performed differently under variable environmental conditions. Breeding efforts based on traits, such as days to flowering, could be more successful. There were more positive correlations between N fixation parameters and seed yield for pea than for lentil, suggesting that breeding for greater yields could increase N fixation for pea but not lentil.

Automated summary

Pulse crops, such as lentil and pea, contribute to the sustainability of Northern Great Plains cropping systems through biological nitrogen fixation. However, there is limited knowledge on varietal differences in nitrogen fixation. Lentil varieties Riveland and CDC Richlea showed high nitrogen-fixing capabilities, while no pea variety consistently exhibited greater nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation in lentil was influenced by flowering time, while nitrogen fixation in pea was influenced by maturity time. Breeding efforts based on traits like flowering time could be more successful, and there is a positive correlation between nitrogen fixation parameters and seed yield in pea.