Carbon density in boreal forests responds non-linearly to temperature: An example from the Greater Khingan Mountains, northeast China

Boreal forests play a crucial role in the global carbon (C) cycle and in climate stabilization. To better predict global C budgets, it is important to accurately estimate the size of forest C pools, and to identify the factors affecting them. We used national forest inventory data for the Greater Khingan Mountains, northeast China from 1999 to 2018 and 149 additional field plots to estimate C storage and its changes in forest vegetation, excluding C stored in soils, and to calculate the total C density in forest ecosystems. From 1999 to 2018, the vegetation C storage and density increased by 92.22 Tg and 4.30 Mg C ha-1, respectively, while the mean C sink was 4.61 Tg C yr-1. Carbon storage and density showed the same pattern, with the largest stocks in trees, followed by herbs, shrubs, and then litter. Mean C density was higher in mature forests than in young forests. The maximum C density was recorded in Populus davidiana forests, and was 2.2-times larger than in Betula davurica forests (the minimum). The mean (& PLUSMN; standard error) total C density of forest ecosystems was 111.3 & PLUSMN; 2.9 Mg C ha-1, including C stored in soils. Mean annual temperature (MAT) controlled total C density, as MAT had positive effects when it was lower than the temperature of the inflection point (-2.1 to -4.6 degrees C) and negative effects when it was above the inflection point. The rate of change in the total C density depended on the quantile points of the conditional distribution of total C density. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances had weaker effects on C density than temperature and precipitation. In conclusion, our results indicate that there might be a temperatureinduced pervasive decrease in C storage and an increase in tree mortality across Eastern Asian boreal forests with future climate warming.

Automated summary

In order to accurately estimate the size of forest carbon pools and identify the factors affecting them, national forest inventory data and additional field plots were used to estimate carbon storage and density in the Greater Khingan Mountains. From 1999 to 2018, there was an increase in vegetation carbon storage and density, with trees having the highest carbon stocks. The total carbon density in forest ecosystems was influenced by mean annual temperature, with positive effects observed below a certain temperature and negative effects observed above it. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances had weaker effects on carbon density compared to temperature and precipitation.