An improved satellite-induced code bias correction model for BDS un-GEO satellites in consideration of elevation and azimuth angles

The satellite-induced code bias (SICB) resulting in code-phase divergences of nearly 1.0 m has been observed in the code measure-ments of BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS). Since the SICB is proved to be elevation-and frequency-dependent, several SICB correction models have been proposed to remove the systematic bias, but most of them only consider elevation angles, overlooking the influence of azimuth angles, which would limit the accuracy of the correction models, especially for Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites. To deal with this problem, we proposed an improved SICB piecewise correction model as a function of elevation and azimuth angles and estimated parameters for each BDS un-GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellite and each available frequency with node-separation of 1 degrees. The epoch-difference method is employed to remove the effect of stable terms, such as phase-ambiguities, receiver-and satellite-dependent hardware delays. Moreover, to reduce the effect of code noise and multipath at low-elevation conditions, the thresh-old of elevation angle for the improved model is determined based on the statistics of Multipath (MP) combinations. Besides, weight-average algorithm is used to obtain the optimal MP deviations and improve the accuracy of proposed correction model in consideration of signal-to-noise (SNR). The experiment results with real GNSS data show that the SICB models are more suitable for BDS-2 MEO satellites than Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit (IGSO) satellites. The code measurements on B1 signal are more susceptible to the SICB than that on B3 signal. After applying the improved SICB correction models, the RMS errors of MP series are significantly reduced for BDS-2 un-GEO satellites. However, for BDS-3 satellites, only centimeter-level SICB deviations can be detected for all frequency-bands, and the RMS of MP variations have slight changes after applying the SICB corrections, indicating that the systematic bias in MP com-binations is not obvious, especially for BDS-3 MEO satellites. (c) 2023 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

The paper proposes an improved SICB piecewise correction model to remove systematic bias in the BeiDou navigation satellite system, and verifies its effectiveness through experimental results.