Biotoxicity of Halide Perovskites in Mice

Halide perovskites are crystalline semiconductors with exceptional optoelectronic properties, rapidly developing toward large-scale applications. Lead (II) (Pb2+) is the core element used to prepare halide perovskites. Pb2+ can displace key 2+ elements, including calcium, zinc and iron, that regulate vital physiological functions. Sn2+ can replace Pb2+ within the perovskite structure and, if accidentally dispersed in the environment, it readily oxidizes to Sn4+, which is compatible with physiological functions and thus potentially safe. The 3+ salt bismuth (III) (Bi3+) is also potentially safe for the same reason and useful to prepare double perovskites. Here, this work studies the biotoxicity of Pb, Sn, and Bi perovskites in mice for the first time. This work analyses histopathology and growth of mice directly exposed to perovskites and investigate the development of their offspring generation. This study provides the screening of organs and key physiological functions targeted by perovskite exposure to design specific studies in mammalians. With the fast-paced development of perovskite solar cells as a potential silicon-based solar cell replacement, it is crucial to thoroughly evaluate the environmental and health safety. This work assesses the biotoxicity of heavy metals in perovskite materials, providing insights into understanding their potential risks and guiding further investigations in mammalian systems and environmental sustainability of perovskite photovoltaics.image

Automated summary

This study investigates the biotoxicity of lead, tin, and bismuth perovskites in mice and analyzes their effects on mice and the development of their offspring. The research provides valuable insights into evaluating the environmental and health safety of perovskite materials.