Do British and Chinese adolescents snack for different reasons? A cross-country study using the Theory of Planned Behaviour and eating styles

Snacking is prevalent in adolescents and can have significant health impacts, but there is considerable individual and cross-country variation in determinants on adolescent snacking. The present study examined the role of eating styles (i.e. restrained eating, emotional eating, external eating, mindful eating) and the constructs of an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (i.e. attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, habit strength) in predicting adolescent snacking, and the moderating effects of country. A survey was completed by adolescents aged 16-19 years from China (N = 182; mean age = 16.13, SD = 0.87) and England (N = 96; mean age = 17.04, SD = 0.74). Compared to British adolescents, Chinese adolescents showed higher restrained eating (p = .009), lower external eating (p = .004), less positive attitudes (p < .001) and subjective norms (p = .007) to, and less strong habit strength (p = .005) for unhealthy snacking. Mindful eating significantly predicted lower consumption of unhealthy snacks (p = .008) and beverages (p = .001), while restrained eating predicted higher consumption of fruit (p < .001) and vegetables (p < .001), regardless of country. Country showed sig-nificant moderating effects of TPB constructs on unhealthy beverages (p = .008) and fruit (p < .001) con-sumption, and effects on unhealthy snack (p = .023) and vegetable (p = .015) consumption approaching significance. Subjective norms predicted unhealthy snacking frequency regardless of country (p = .001). Habit strength predicted consumption of beverages (p < .001) and fruit (p < .001) only in English adolescents. Mindful eating may be a positive intervention approach to help reduce adolescent unhealthy snacking. TPB-based snacking interventions should carefully consider the country context. Acknowledging country-specific de-terminants of snacking are recommended.

Automated summary

The study examined the role of eating styles and constructs of an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour in predicting adolescent snacking, and the moderating effects of country. Chinese adolescents showed higher restrained eating, lower external eating, less positive attitudes and subjective norms, and less strong habit strength for unhealthy snacking compared to British adolescents. Mindful eating significantly predicted lower consumption of unhealthy snacks and beverages, while restrained eating predicted higher consumption of fruit and vegetables, regardless of country. Country showed significant moderating effects on unhealthy beverages and fruit consumption, and effects on unhealthy snack and vegetable consumption approaching significance. Subjective norms predicted unhealthy snacking frequency regardless of country, while habit strength predicted consumption of beverages and fruit only in English adolescents. Mindful eating may be a positive intervention approach to help reduce adolescent unhealthy snacking, and TPB-based snacking interventions should carefully consider the country context. Acknowledging country-specific determinants of snacking are recommended.