Aromatase expression in human chondrocytes: An induction due to culture

Objectives: Despite the high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in postmenopausal women, a relationship between circulating estrogen levels and the development of OA has not been found. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression and activity of aromatase, a key enzyme in local production of estrogens, in human OA cultured articular chondrocytes, and to determine the physiological relevance of this enzyme in cartilage. Methods: Human OA articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured. Local production of estradiol was measured after incubation with 100ng/ml testosterone for 8 and 24 h. Furthermore, chondrocytes were culture for 2 h, 48 h; 7 days or 15 days, or in alginate beads for 10 days. Aromatase, type II and X collagen, aggrecan, alkaline phosphatase, and Runx2 expression were evaluated in cartilage, freshly isolated chondrocytes and cultured chondrocytes. Results: Aromatase was expressed and active in cultured human chondrocytes. Human cartilage, freshly isolated chondrocytes, and chondrocytes cultured for 2 h expressed an insignificant amount of aromatase; however, expression arose after 48 h of culture and remained increased thereafter. Aromatase expression was not related to estrogen deprivation and was inversely correlated with differentiation. Re-differentiation did not reduce its expression. Conclusions: Aromatase presents an almost undetectable expression in human cartilage but is induced in cultured chondrocytes. Therefore, human cartilage might act as a mere target for estrogens rather than a producer, and researchers using cell expansion in culture for latter therapies should consider these changes in estrogen metabolism which may not be reverted after re-differentiation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.