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Summary: This study assessed the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with hematologic malignancies. The results showed that the seropositivity rates after 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine were 62% to 66%, and after 1 dose were 37% to 51%. The neutralizing antibody response rates were 57% to 60%, and cellular response rates were 40% to 75%. Active treatment, ongoing or recent treatment with targeted therapies were associated with poor immune responses to COVID-19 vaccine.
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Summary: Recent studies have shown that patients with hematologic malignancies have a suboptimal humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, while data on cellular immunogenicity are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the humoral and cellular immunogenicity following the second dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. The results showed that 76.3% of patients developed humoral immunity and 79% had a cellular response. Factors such as hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphopenia, active hematologic treatment, and anti-CD20 therapy were associated with a poorer humoral response, while age over 65, active disease, lymphopenia, and immunosuppressive treatment for graft-versus-host disease were associated with an impaired cellular response.
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Andrea Jarisch et al.
Summary: Little is known about the cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) and with iatrogenic B-cell aplasia. In nonseroconverted HSCT patients, specific T-cell responses were assessed. Most allogeneic HSCT patients who did not show humoral responses to vaccination also failed to mount antigen-specific T-cell responses.
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Summary: Thomas and colleagues explore the impact of multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposures on T cell immunity. They find that vaccination after infection leads to expansion of spike-specific T cells, while individuals after breakthrough infection mount vigorous non-spike-specific responses. They also observe that all exposures elicit diverse T cell immune repertoires, with no evidence of repertoire narrowing from repeated exposure.
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Yu Gao et al.
Summary: Many immunocompromised patients have suboptimal cell-mediated immunity after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, particularly solid-organ transplant and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. However, individuals with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) showed highly functional spike-specific T cell responses. The study also revealed a broad functional spectrum of spike-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in healthy individuals and XLA patients after mRNA vaccination.
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Helen Kakkassery et al.
Summary: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has a greater impact on cancer patients than the general population. Approved vaccines for use include mRNA vaccines (such as BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) and nonreplicating viral vector vaccines (such as Ad26.COV2.S and AZD1222). Cancer patients, especially those with hematological cancers or undergoing chemotherapy, have impaired humoral and T-cell responses. This review summarizes current data on vaccine immunogenicity in cancer patients and provides recommendations for current practice and future research.
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Flavia Chiuppesi et al.
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Summary: The study compares antibody immune responses following different COVID-19 vaccination regimens, revealing significant differences that can inform improved vaccination strategies. The findings highlight the importance of vaccine selection in antibody production and protection.
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Thi H. O. Nguyen et al.
Summary: This study characterized CD8(+) T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in COVID-19 patients and unexposed individuals, revealing that CD8(+) T cells specific for the immunodominant B7/N-105 epitope were detected at high frequencies both before and during acute COVID-19 and convalescence. The research also showed high naive precursor frequency and TCR alpha beta diversity within immunodominant B7/N-105-specific CD8(+) T cells, shedding light on the origins and responses of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells.
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Monika Lindemann et al.
Summary: The cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection in HSCT recipients remains unclear. The study found that HSCT patients vaccinated twice had significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies compared to pre-vaccination. However, their ELISpot responses were reduced to less than 33% of controls. Female patients and healthy controls showed higher antibody responses post-vaccination, while cellular immunity was diminished in patients regardless of sex.
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Keith J. Chappell et al.
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Sokratis A. Apostolidis et al.
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Erin M. Bange et al.
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Maria Gavriatopoulou et al.
Summary: Immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies, particularly those with Waldenstroeurom macroglobulinemia (WM), have lower production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 vaccination compared with healthy controls on days 22 and 50 post-vaccination. Disease-related immune dysregulation and therapy-related immunosuppression are likely contributors to this suboptimal humoral response. Active treatment with specific medications is also associated with a diminished antibody response following vaccination.
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