Optical Nanobiosensor-Based Point-of-Care Testing for Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers

Cardiovascular disease is a global health threat, anddetectingcardiac biomarkers is essential for early-stage diagnosis and personalizedtreatment. Traditional approaches have limitations, but optical nanobiosensorsoffer rapid, highly selective, and sensitive detection. Optical nanobiosensorsgenerate biosignals that transfer light signals while analytes bindwith the bioreceptors. Optical nanobiosensors have advantages suchas ease of monitoring, low cost, a wide detection range, and highsensitivity without any interference. An optical nanobiosensor platformis a promising approach for point-of-care cardiac biomarker detectionwith a low detection limit. This review mainly focuses on the detectionof cardiovascular disease biomarkers based on various optical nanobiosensorapproaches that have been reported during the last five years, andwe have categorized them based on optical signal readouts. A detaileddiscussion of the classification of cardiovascular disease biomarkers,design strategies of optical biosensors, types of optically activenanomaterials, types of bioreceptors, functionalization techniques,various assay types, and sensing mechanisms is presented. Then, wesummarize the optical signaling readout-based various nanobiosensorssystems for the detection of cardiovascular disease biomarkers. Finally,we summarize and conclude with the recent development of point-of-caretesting (PoCT) for cardiovascular disease biomarkers used in variousoptical readout techniques.

Automated summary

Cardiovascular disease is a global health threat, and the early detection and personalized treatment of cardiac biomarkers are crucial. Optical nanobiosensors provide rapid, selective, and sensitive detection by generating biosignals that transfer light signals when analytes bind with bioreceptors. With advantages such as ease of monitoring, low cost, wide detection range, and high sensitivity, optical nanobiosensors offer a promising approach for point-of-care detection of cardiac biomarkers. This review focuses on various optical nanobiosensor approaches for detecting cardiovascular disease biomarkers, covering the classification of biomarkers, design strategies, types of optically active nanomaterials and bioreceptors, assay types, and sensing mechanisms. The recent development of point-of-care testing (PoCT) for cardiovascular disease biomarkers using optical readout techniques is also summarized.