Dramatic Tunability of the Glass Transition Temperature and Fragility of Low Molecular Weight Polystyrene by Initiator Fragments Located at Chain Ends

Important, yet unexplored effects of chemically distinct initiator fragments incorporated at chain ends in linear polymer are investigated in depth. Polystyrene (PS) samples of a wide range of molecular weight (MW) were synthesized by conventional free radical polymerization and controlled radical polymerization using seven different initiators and compared with anionically polymerized PS. The initiator fragments incorporated during polymerization have major consequences on the glass transition temperature (T-g) and dynamic fragility of low MW PS. For example, with similar to 4 kg/mol PS, the T-g onset value and fragility can be tuned from similar to 334 K and similar to 65, respectively, with dodecanethiol and hydrogen atom chain ends to similar to 367 K and similar to 130, respectively, with cyanopentanoic acid chain ends. A similar high T-g and high fragility were measured with isobutyric acid/SG1 nitroxide chain ends. These remarkable effects, with a greater than 30 K difference in T-g and a factor of 2 difference in fragility, indicate that chain ends in low MW PS homopolymer play an outsize role in comparison to comonomer units in perturbing properties that are sensitive to the density of chain ends. The T-g results also provide further direct evidence against any correlation between the MW at which the T-g-MW dependence saturates and entanglement MW. Instead, the perturbation of T-g by the combined effects of a reduction in MW (increase in chain-end density) and chain-end structure correlates one-to-one within error with the perturbation of fragility. These results suggest that the susceptibility of fragility to be perturbed is key to the susceptibility of T-g to be perturbed.