Investigating the spatio-temporal influences of urbanization and other socioeconomic factors on city-level industrial NOx emissions: A case study in China

Cities play an essential role in industrial nitrogen oxides (NOx) control actions. Few studies have considered the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the key influence factors that affect industrial NOx emissions at the city level. This work evaluates the impacts of urbanization level on industrial NOx emissions during 2017-2019 at the prefecture-city in China. We construct an extended Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) framework based on the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model. The urbanization level was measured based on nighttime light (NTL) data. The results suggest that, first, the GTWR model has a better goodness of fit. Urbanization has a significant spatiotemporal heterogeneous effect on industrial NOx emissions. The median coefficient estimations of urbanization are-0.34 (95%CI:-1.38, 1.47), demonstrating a positive correlation in eastern China, yet negative in the western region. Other socioeconomic factors such as industrial electricity consumption, the share of secondary industry, population density, and research and development (R&D) ex-penditures have a significantly positive influence on industrial NOx emissions, while gross domestic production (GDP) has a negative impact. Our findings reveal that, due to the variances in urbanization levels and socio-economic factors, NOx control policies and regional emission reduction strategies in China implemented in a tailor-made form (such as One-City-One-Policy) will be more effective.

Automated summary

Cities play a crucial role in controlling industrial nitrogen oxides (NOx). This research evaluates the impact of urbanization level on industrial NOx emissions in different cities in China from 2017 to 2019. The findings show that urbanization level has a significant spatiotemporal heterogeneous effect on industrial NOx emissions, and other socioeconomic factors such as industrial electricity consumption, the share of secondary industry, population density, and research and development (R&D) expenditures also influence industrial NOx emissions.