Method for estimating pulsatile wall shear stress from one-dimensional velocity waveforms

Wall shear stress (WSS)-a key regulator of endothelial function-is commonly estimated in vivo using simplified mathematical models based on Poiseuille's flow, assuming a quasi-steady parabolic velocity distribution, despite evidence that more rapidly time-varying, pulsatile blood flow during each cardiac cycle modulates flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in large arteries of healthy subjects. More exact and accurate models based on the well-established Womersley solu-tion for rapidly changing blood flow have not been adopted clinically, potentially because the Womersley solution relies on the local pressure gradient, which is difficult to measure non-invasively. We have developed an open-source method for automatic reconstruction of unsteady, Womersley-derived velocity profiles, and WSS in conduit arteries. The proposed method (available online at https:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7576408) requires only the time-averaged diameter of the vessel and time-varying velocity data available from non-invasive imaging such as Doppler ultrasound. Validation of the method with subject-specific com-putational fluid dynamics and application to synthetic velocity waveforms in the common carotid, brachial, and femoral arteries reveals that the Poiseuille solu-tion underestimates peak WSS 38.5%- 55.1% during the acceleration and decelera-tion phases of systole and underestimates or neglects retrograde WSS. Following evidence that oscillatory shear significantly augments vasodilator production, it is plausible that mischaracterization of the shear stimulus by assuming parabolic flow leads to systematic underestimates of important biological effects of time-varying blood velocity in conduit arteries.

Automated summary

Wall shear stress (WSS) is a crucial factor in regulating endothelial function. Current estimation models based on Poiseuille's flow underestimate WSS in large arteries due to the assumption of simplified velocity distribution. This study proposes a method based on the Womersley solution, which accurately captures the time-varying blood flow and WSS in conduit arteries. Validation and application of the method reveal significant underestimation of peak WSS and neglect of retrograde WSS compared to the Poiseuille solution.