Exploring the biological application of Penicillium fimorum-derived silver nanoparticles: In vitro physicochemical, antifungal, biofilm inhibitory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic performance

This study showed the anti-candida, biofilm inhibitory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic properties of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated by using the supernatant of Penicillium fimorum (GenBank accession number OQ568180) isolated from soil. The biogenic AgNPs were characterized by using different analytical techniques. A sharp surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of the colloidal AgNPs at 429.5 nm in the UV-vis spectrum confirmed the fabrication of nanosized silver particles. The broth microdilution assay confirmed the anticandida properties of AgNPs with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 & mu;g mL-1. In the next step, the protein and DNA leakage assays as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay were performed to evaluate the possible anti-candida mechanisms of AgNPs representing an increase in the total protein and DNA of supernatant along with a climb-up in ROS levels in AgNPstreated samples. Flow cytometry also confirmed a dose-dependent cell death in the AgNPs-treated samples. Further studies also confirmed the biofilm inhibitory performance of AgNPs against Candia albicans. The AgNPs at the concentrations of MIC and 4*MIC inhibited 79.68 & PLUSMN; 14.38% and 83.57 & PLUSMN; 3.41% of biofilm formation in C. albicans, respectively. Moreover, this study showed that the intrinsic pathway may play a significant role in the anticoagulant properties of AgNPs. In addition, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 & mu;g mL-1, represented 49.27%, and 73.96 & PLUSMN; 2.59% thrombolytic and DPPH radical scavenging potential, respectively. Promising biological performance of AgNPs suggests these nanomaterials as a good candidate for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

Automated summary

This study demonstrated the multiple properties of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using the supernatant of Penicillium fimorum. The AgNPs showed anti-candida, biofilm inhibitory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic effects. The study characterized the AgNPs and confirmed their anti-candida properties. It also highlighted the mechanisms behind these effects, such as protein and DNA leakage, reactive oxygen species generation, and cell death. Additionally, the study showed the biofilm inhibitory, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic potential of AgNPs, making them promising candidates for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.