Effect of cadmium exposure during and after pregnancy of female

Cadmium is a common environmental pollutant and used for industrial purposes all over the world. Cadmium exposure causes a variety of public health issues, mainly reproductive health. The present review discusses the information related to female reproductive health, including during and after pregnancy and its outcomes. Cadmium alters steroidogenesis, delays puberty, causes pregnancy loss of reproductive hormones, disturbs the menstrual cycle, causes premature births, and reduces birth weights in females. Besides that, their offspring are affected differently by prenatal mother exposure to cadmium, with more female offspring being distressed. During lactation period, nursing babies fed with milk containing cadmium causes disparity in brain physiology, reflex changes and physical immaturity. Together, these reviews highpoint the need for more studies into the consequences of cadmium exposure on reproductive health.

Automated summary

Cadmium is a widely used environmental pollutant that can cause various health issues, particularly related to reproductive health. This review focuses on the impact of cadmium exposure on female reproductive health, including during and after pregnancy. Cadmium exposure has been found to disrupt steroidogenesis, delay puberty, affect reproductive hormones, disturb menstrual cycles, increase the risk of premature births, and reduce birth weights in females. Additionally, prenatal exposure to cadmium has been shown to have differential effects on offspring, with more negative impacts on female offspring. Furthermore, lactation with cadmium-contaminated milk can lead to disparities in brain physiology, reflex changes, and physical immaturity in nursing babies. These findings highlight the importance of conducting further studies on the consequences of cadmium exposure on reproductive health.