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Electrochemical Sweat Sensors

CHEMOSENSORS (2023)

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The Evolving Role of Proteins in Wearable Sweat Biosensors

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Summary: Sweat is being increasingly used for fitness monitoring and clinical diagnostics due to its abundant biological information and non-invasive nature. Proteins are widely employed in sweat-sensing devices as biorecognition elements, structural components, and functional additives, contributing to accurate and skin-friendly sweat analysis. In this review, we discuss the roles of proteins in the four main components of wearable sweat sensors -biorecognition element, transducer, scaffold, and adhesive. We analyze the performance characteristics and potential challenges of existing protein-based devices, highlighting the potential of incorporating proteins for the development of tunable, greener, and safer biosourced devices.

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Wearable and flexible electrochemical sensors for sweat analysis: a review

Fupeng Gao et al.

Summary: Flexible wearable sweat sensors have attracted significant attention for their potential applications in personalized health monitoring, allowing continuous, real-time, noninvasive detection of sweat analytes and providing insights into human physiology at the molecular level. Electrochemical sensors are the best choice for these sensors due to their high performance, low cost, miniaturization, and wide applicability. Recent advancements in soft microfluidics, multiplexed biosensing, energy harvesting devices, and materials have improved the compatibility and performance of wearable electrochemical sweat-sensing platforms.

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Wearable Potentiometric Sensor Based on Na0.44MnO2 for Non-invasive Monitoring of Sodium Ions in Sweat

Arash Ghoorchian et al.

Summary: Here, a wearable potentiometric ion sensor for real-time monitoring of sodium ions in human sweat samples is presented. The sensor utilizes Na0.44MnO2 as the sensing material, and shows good analytical performance and detection range. The sensor is fully integrated into a headband textile for non-invasive analysis of sodium ions in sweat.

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TiO2 anchored carbon fibers as non-invasive electrochemical sensor platform for the cortisol detection

Sekar Madhu et al.

Summary: An electrochemical immunosensor integrated on carbon yarns for non-invasive detection of cortisol was developed and characterized, showing good sensitivity and responsiveness over a broad-range of cortisol concentration. The efficacy of the sensor system was validated for cortisol estimation in human sweat, demonstrating its great potential for non-invasive point-of-care cortisol detection.

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TBISTAT: An open-source, wireless portable, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy capable potentiostat for the point-of-care detection of S100B in plasma samples

Francisco Burgos-Florez et al.

Summary: This paper presents the development of an open-source, modular, wireless, low-cost potentiostat used for electrochemical detection of traumatic brain injury. The potentiostat was validated and compared to a commercial benchtop potentiostat, showing no significant differences in the results. It was also tested for S100B detection and achieved a limit of detection of 35.73 pg/mL. The modular design of the potentiostat allows for easy component changes and the use of minimal, easily accessible open-source hardware and software provides a framework for further development in the field of biosensors.

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Graphene Oxide Functionalized Biosensor for Detection of Stress-Related Biomarkers

Erican Santiago et al.

Summary: A graphene oxide-based cortisol biosensor has been developed to accurately detect cortisol concentrations in sweat samples at point-of-care sites. This biosensor consists of a reference electrode, counter electrode, and working electrode that is functionalized with multiple layers of graphene oxide and antibodies. The sensor shows increased accuracy with each additional functionalization layer and has the capability to accurately measure cortisol concentrations for diagnostic purposes.

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A machine learning-based on-demand sweat glucose reporting platform

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Summary: This paper introduces a highly novel and completely non-invasive sweat sensor platform technology that can measure and report glucose concentrations from passively expressed human eccrine sweat in real time. The study shows promising results in accurately capturing glucose progression trends.

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Dry Spun, Bulk-Functionalized rGO Fibers for Textile Integrated Potentiometric Sensors

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Summary: Thread or fiber-based sensors integrated into wearable textiles can provide re-engineered electrochemical sensing units for real-time exercise or training analytics. The use of rGO fibers as electrode materials can overcome limitations of current textile-based sensors, enabling high-performance sweat sensing units.

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Intelligent Wearable Sensors Interconnected with Advanced Wound Dressing Bandages for Contactless Chronic Skin Monitoring: Artificial Intelligence for Predicting Tissue Regeneration

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Non-invasive electrochemical immunosensor for sweat cortisol based on L-cys/AuNPs/MXene modified thread electrode

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Summary: In this study, a thread-based electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated for non-invasive detection of cortisol in sweat. The sensor demonstrated high sensitivity, wide linear range, and low detection limit. It also exhibited good reproducibility and long-term storage stability. Furthermore, by integrating the electrochemical sensor on a wristband, it can serve as a portable tool for monitoring sweat cortisol.

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In-situ preparation of lactate-sensing membrane for the noninvasive and wearable analysis of sweat

Danfeng Jiang et al.

Summary: A wearable biosensor based on lactate-sensing membrane was proposed in this study. The sensor showed high stability and improved electron transport, achieving high sensitivity and low sensitivity in lactate detection. The real-time monitoring results on volunteers' skin were comparable to those achieved by a commercial sensor.

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Wireless accessing of salivary biomarkers based wearable electrochemical sensors: A mini-review

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Summary: The advancement in non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers in saliva has led to the development of wearable electronics and miniature electrochemical sensors, allowing us to live a more comfortable and healthier life. This technology utilizes the rich components in saliva to fabricate a flexible miniature wearable platform for quantifying biomarkers and transmitting the data wirelessly to a smartphone. It has the potential for intra-oral monitoring of significant disease biomarkers and data access through Bluetooth and a microcontroller with portable wireless monitors.

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Silver-manganese nanocomposite modified screen-printed carbon electrode in the fabrication of an electrochemical, disposable biosensor strip for cystic fibrosis

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Utilizing Gradient Porous Graphene Substrate as the Solid-Contact Layer To Enhance Wearable Electrochemical Sweat Sensor Sensitivity

Kan Kan Yeung et al.

Summary: Wearable sweat monitoring is an attractive opportunity for personalized healthcare and sports performance evaluation, but is limited by the formation of water layers on ion-selective sensors. This report introduces the use of three-dimensional graphene-based electrodes to reduce water layer formation and improve the sensitivity of detecting Na+ ions in sweat.

NANO LETTERS (2022)

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Low-cost Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled a wireless wearable device for detecting potassium ions at the point of care

Tugba Ozer et al.

Summary: We have developed a wearable device for wireless monitoring of potassium in sweat. The device consists of an all-solidstate ion-selective electrode (ISE) and a miniaturized printed circuit board (PCB) for potentiometric readout and processing. The PCB includes a low-power Wi-Fi interface for transmitting data to a smartphone application, which can calculate potassium concentrations and display the results. The potassium selective ISE has shown good response time and sensitivity, and can be used for point-of-care testing of potassium in artificial sweat. The device is cost-effective and can be easily used by untrained users in daily life.

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A wearable electrochemical sensor based on ?-CD functionalized graphene for pH and potassium ion analysis in sweat

Xiaoqing Cui et al.

Summary: In this study, a wearable electrochemical sensor was developed for pH and K+ monitoring in sweat. The sensor consisted of flexible reference electrode, pH response electrode, and K+ selective electrode. The sensor exhibited good stability and accuracy in measuring sweat pH and K+ concentration.

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Machine learning guided electrochemical sensor for passive sweat cortisol detection

Sarah Shahub et al.

Summary: This study developed a noninvasive sensor on a flexible, nano-porous substrate to detect cortisol from human sweat passively. A machine learning algorithm was developed to analyze sensor data and detect rising and falling trends of cortisol. The study demonstrated high accuracy and a wide response range for the sensor.

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Yuting Qiao et al.

Summary: The development of wearable sensors has greatly advanced real-time and non-invasive monitoring in medical care, sports, and other fields. Sweat, containing various biomarkers, can reflect human health conditions when combined with wearable technology. This paper comprehensively reviews the analysis of sweat components using wearable sensing technology and the applications of sweat wearable devices in different forms. The future development trends of sweat wearable devices are also discussed.

CHEMOSENSORS (2022)

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Boron-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots Anchored to Carbon Nanotubes as Noble Metal-Free Electrocatalysts of Uric Acid for a Wearable Sweat Sensor

Yu-Xuan Wang et al.

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ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS (2022)

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A machine learning-based multimodal electrochemical analytical device based on eMoSx-LIG for multiplexed detection of tyrosine and uric acid in sweat and saliva

Vinay Kammarchedu et al.

Summary: Researchers have developed a multimodal analytical device based on a single sensing material and machine learning techniques for multiplexed detection of tyrosine and uric acid in sweat and saliva. The optimized system shows improved detection performance.

ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA (2022)

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A low-cost and simple-fabricated epidermal sweat patch based on cut-and-paste manufacture

Teng Sun et al.

Summary: In this study, a cut-and-paste (CAP) method is developed to fabricate microfluidic patches for real-time monitoring of glucose and lactate in sweat. The CAP method allows for the quick and automated production of the patches, which have low-cost, versatility, and mechanical flexibility. The results of this study indicate the potential of the CAP method in the development of wearable sweat microfluidic devices for individualized health monitoring.

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Vertically aligned conductive metal-organic framework nanowires array composite fiber as efficient solid-contact for wearable potentiometric sweat sensing

Shuqi Wang et al.

Summary: In this study, a new fiber-type flexible potentiometric sensor platform based on conductive metal-organic framework composite carbon nanotubes fiber was proposed, and a stable solid-contact sodium ion-selective electrode with nanowire arrays was successfully constructed. This research provides an efficient and convenient way to construct reliable fiber-type potentiometric sensors for wearable applications.

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A Self-Powered Wearable Sensor for Continuous Wireless Sweat Monitoring

Yansong Gai et al.

Summary: This article presents the design of a wireless self-powered wearable sweat analysis system that converts mechanical energy into electricity for power supply. It enables real-time selective monitoring of biomarkers in sweat and wireless transmission of data.

SMALL METHODS (2022)

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A Solid-Contact Reference Electrode Based on Silver/Silver Organic Insoluble Salt for Potentiometric Ion Sensing

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Summary: Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes are ion measurement devices with miniaturization and integration features. The solid-contact reference electrodes (SC-REs) using silver/silver tetraphenylborate (Ag/AgTPB) organic insoluble electrode offer reproducible standard potential and high long-term stability.

ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU (2022)

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Security and Privacy Threats for Bluetooth Low Energy in IoT and Wearable Devices: A Comprehensive Survey

Arup Barua et al.

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY (2022)

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Wearable Potentiometric Sensor Based on Na0.44MnO2 for Noninvasive Monitoring of Sodium Ions in Sweat

Arash Ghoorchian et al.

Summary: A wearable potentiometric ion sensor utilizing Na0.44MnO2 material is developed for real-time monitoring of sodium ions in human sweat samples, integrated into a headband textile for on-body sweat analysis. The sensor demonstrates good analytical performance, with a linear detection range suitable for physiological applications, serving as a potential tool for healthcare and disease diagnosis.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Sweat Diagnostics

Jing Xu et al.

Summary: Advances in microfluidics, microelectronics, and electrochemical sensing have paved the way for the development of novel wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Wearable bioelectronics have gained attention globally for their potential in predictive medical modeling and personalized point-of-care testing. Sweat-based wearable biosensors allow real-time and molecular-level monitoring of personal health states, but still face challenges in their full development.

BIOSENSORS-BASEL (2021)

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Article Biophysics

Battery-free, wireless, and flexible electrochemical patch for in situ analysis of sweat cortisol via near field communication

Chen Cheng et al.

Summary: A wireless, battery-free, flexible integrated patch has been developed for real-time sweat cortisol detection, featuring convenient, rapid, and noninvasive sensing capabilities for personalized mental health management.

BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS (2021)

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A screen-printed Ag/AgCl reference electrode with long-term stability for electroanalytical applications

Rebecca C. Dawkins et al.

Summary: In this study, a screen-printed Ag/AgCl true reference electrode with offset salt reservoir on a flexible substrate was developed for use in disposable, low-cost sensor arrays, demonstrating good stability and potential over an extended period. The use of a solid-state electrolyte and PDMS junction membrane effectively suppressed drift, while the electrode showed stability across different pH values and insensitivity to most interfering ionic species.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Satellite-Based Sensor for Environmental Heat-Stress Sweat Creatinine Monitoring: The Remote Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Epidermal Wearable Sensing for Health Evaluation

Surachate Kalasin et al.

Summary: The research developed a textile-based sweat sensor for detecting perspired creatinine, integrated with heart rate monitoring, satellite communication, and machine learning. The sensor exhibited high selectivity and efficacy in continuous monitoring, suitable for health diagnostics and environmental heat stress prediction.

ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2021)

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Smartphone-Based NFC Potentiostat for Wireless Electrochemical Sensing

Karnpimon Krorakai et al.

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Autonomous, Real-Time Monitoring Electrochemical Aptasensor for Circadian Tracking of Cortisol Hormone in Sub-microliter Volumes of Passively Eluted Human Sweat

Antra Ganguly et al.

Summary: The study developed an autonomous, label-free electrochemical sensor for real-time monitoring of cortisol levels in sweat, showing a higher signal-to-noise ratio, better resolution, and larger output range compared to traditional cortisol immunosensors.

ACS SENSORS (2021)

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A highly integrated sensing paper for wearable electrochemical sweat analysis

Meng Li et al.

Summary: Wearable electrochemical sensors have attracted significant attention in recent years, with a focus on device integration. This study presents a low-cost, freestanding and disposable highly integrated sensing paper for real-time analysis of sweat, which can detect glucose and lactate simultaneously. The printed paper design allows for efficient pathways for sweat collection and diffusion, making it a miniaturized, low-cost and flexible solution for a range of biochemical platforms.

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Printed microfluidic sweat sensing platform for cortisol and glucose detection

Aditi R. Naik et al.

Summary: The research demonstrates a smart bandage microfluidic platform for cortisol detection and continuous glucose monitoring integrated with a synthetic skin. Through a series of tests, the potential of this low-cost, real-time sweat sensor for human health monitoring is validated.

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An unusually stable solid state Ag|AgCl reference electrode for long term continuous measurements based on a crosslinked polyvinyl acetate)/KCl composite

David S. Macedo et al.

Summary: Solid state reference electrodes (SSREs) show exceptional stability in long-term monitoring applications, and polymer crosslinking is an effective method to improve their performance. A 1% crosslinked SSRE demonstrated stable performance in various environments.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Continuous sweat lactate monitoring system with integrated screen-printed Mgo-templated carbon-lactate oxidase biosensor and microfluidic sweat collector

Isao Shitanda et al.

Summary: This study developed a lightweight and comfortable lactate sensing system for the continuous monitoring of sweat lactate, enabling the detection of lactate threshold and suitable for the training and exertion control of athletes, rehabilitation patients, elderly individuals, and high-performance workers.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Fabrication of screen-printed electrodes: opportunities and challenges

Raghavv Raghavender Suresh et al.

Summary: Screen printing has gained popularity in recent times due to its versatility, economic advantages and ease of use. The technique's simplicity in equipment design and requirement of basic materials make it a preferred choice for mass production of electrodes. Optimizing parameters such as ink rheology and mesh size is crucial for achieving desired outcomes in this additive manufacturing technique.

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Wearable Biosensors: An Alternative and Practical Approach in Healthcare and Disease Monitoring

Atul Sharma et al.

Summary: With the population growth, aging, and rise of chronic diseases, the healthcare system is shifting from hospital-centered to individual-centered. Wearable sensors play a crucial role in healthcare monitoring, enabling continuous measurement of biomarkers, diagnosis, and evaluation in biological fluids. These devices hold promise for timely diagnosis and treatment and require validation studies for clinical acceptance.

MOLECULES (2021)

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Functional aqueous-based polyaniline inkjet inks for fully printed high-performance pH-sensitive electrodes

Emanuel Bilbao et al.

Summary: A potentiometric pH sensor based on polyaniline was fabricated using two printing techniques, showing outstanding sensitivity and suitability for wearable technology applications.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL (2021)

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A wearable microfluidics-integrated impedimetric immunosensor based on Ti3C2Tx MXene incorporated laser-burned graphene for noninvasive sweat cortisol detection

Joong San Nah et al.

Summary: A wearable sweat sensor based on MXene and graphene was developed, with a 3D printed microfluidic system for noninvasive cortisol detection in human sweat. The sensor exhibited linear detection with a low limit of 88 pM.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Fully Printed Wearable Microfluidic Devices for High-Throughput Sweat Sampling and Multiplexed Electrochemical Analysis

Rajendran Vinoth et al.

Summary: This study presents a method for fabricating wearable microfluidic sensors without the need for a clean room, with improved sweat sampling efficiency and real-time monitoring of sweat chemical markers during exercise. The sensors demonstrate sensitivity, selectivity, stability, carryover efficiency, and repeatability, showing potential for personalized healthcare and sports applications.

ACS SENSORS (2021)

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Electrochemical and Fluorescent Properties of Crown Ether Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots for Potassium and Sodium Ions Detection

Daniela Iannazzo et al.

Summary: This study investigated the potential of composites based on graphene quantum dots and crown ethers for detecting the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in biological fluids. The results demonstrated the superior properties of these composites, showing promise for the development of selective detection methods.

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Chenyu Wen et al.

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ACS SENSORS (2021)

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Can Wearable Sweat Lactate Sensors Contribute to Sports Physiology?

Kevin Van Hoovels et al.

Summary: The discussion in the passage revolves around the measurement of lactate content in human sweat using wearable sensors during sports activities, focusing on the potential usefulness and existing issues. It points out contradictory evidence regarding the origin and concentration of sweat lactate, as well as highlighting the importance of accurate detection methods.

ACS SENSORS (2021)

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Lab-on-Eyeglasses to Monitor Kidneys and Strengthen Vulnerable Populations in Pandemics: Machine Learning in Predicting Serum Creatinine Using Tear Creatinine

Surachate Kalasin et al.

Summary: This article introduces a fiber-based sensing device that selectively measures creatinine in tears. By using a unique material preparation method, the sensor achieved high selectivity efficiency and accuracy in measuring tear creatinine contents.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Lactate Biosensing for Reliable On-Body Sweat Analysis

Xing Xuan et al.

Summary: A novel lactate biosensor with expanded detection range and good performance has been developed by restricting the lactate flux reaching the immobilized enzyme. The biosensor effectively reduces the influence of pH and temperature on the enzyme through an outer plasticized polymeric layer. Rigorous experimentation under strict conditions has been conducted, demonstrating excellent performance.

ACS SENSORS (2021)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Information Systems

Classification of Human Gender from Sweat Odor using Electronic Nose with Machine Learning

Irzal Ahmad Sabilla et al.

Summary: Both human biological genders have the same hormone but at different levels, which affects various aspects including sweat odor. This study found that male samples have higher levels of amine gas, including Trimethylamine (TMA), compared to female samples. By using PCA as the pre-processing method and SVM as the machine learning method, the study achieved 94.12% accuracy in classifying human biological gender based on daytime sweat in adult human armpits.

2021 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON WIRELESS AND MOBILE (APWIMOB) (2021)

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Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Information Systems

Men and Women Classification at Night Through the Armpit Sweat Odor using Electronic Nose

Irzal Ahmad Sabilla et al.

Summary: Nighttime sweating may indicate a disturbance in the human metabolic system, and research has found that distinguishing between men and women based on armpit sweat odor can reveal varying tendencies for disease. By utilizing gas sensors, it was discovered that women are more likely to suffer from certain illnesses, such as leukemia, based on volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements.

2021 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON WIRELESS AND MOBILE (APWIMOB) (2021)

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Template-assisted synthesis of Ag/AgCl hollow microcubes and their composition-dependent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of phenol

Shiyun Lou et al.

Summary: Plasmonic photocatalysts with hollow structures and tunable composition, such as Ag/AgCl microcubes, exhibit high visible-light absorption efficiency and efficient charge separation due to the presence of multiple tiny Ag/AgCl heterojunctions induced by in situ oxidation, resulting in superior visible-light photocatalytic activity.

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MYSTAT: A compact potentiostat/galvanostat for general electrochemistry measurements

P. Irving et al.

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Multi-Ion-Sensing Emulator and Multivariate Calibration Optimization by Machine Learning Models

Ivan Ny Hanitra et al.

Summary: A novel approach using a multi-ion-sensing emulator has been proposed to accurately simulate the response of ion sensing arrays in a mixed-ion environment. By conducting simulation experiments on the monitoring of four ions, it is demonstrated that the calibration datasets output by the emulator can accurately explain the experimental response.

IEEE ACCESS (2021)

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Lifting the lid on the potentiostat: a beginner's guide to understanding electrochemical circuitry and practical operation†

Alex W. Colburn et al.

Summary: This article serves as an introductory tutorial for students undertaking practical electrochemistry experiments for the first time, providing essential information on potentiostats, operational amplifiers, and signal conversion processes. The reader is guided through the basics of electronic circuits essential for electrochemical experiments, aiming to increase confidence in problem-solving for issues such as electrical noise and data interpretation. Troubleshooting tables are also included for practical use in the field.

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A Wearable Biosensor Based on Bienzyme Gel-Membrane for Sweat Lactate Monitoring by Mounting on Eyeglasses

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