Seeing through the eyes of the sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria, Sparassodonta)

The unique orientation of the orbits in the extinct hypercarnivorous sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox shows that it was able to achieve binocular depth perception even though its cranium evolved for the growth and accommodation of its enlarged canines The evolution of mammalian vision is difficult to study because the actual receptor organs-the eyes-are not preserved in the fossil record. Orbital orientation and size are the traditional proxies for inferring aspects of ocular function, such as stereoscopy. Adaptations for good stereopsis have evolved in living predaceous mammals, and it is reasonable to infer that fossil representatives would follow the same pattern. This applies to the sparassodonts, an extinct group of South American hypercarnivores related to marsupials, with one exception. In the sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox, the bony orbits were notably divergent, like those of a cow or a horse, and thus radically differing from conditions in any other known mammalian predator. Orbital convergence alone, however, does not determine presence of stereopsis; frontation and verticality of the orbits also play a role. We show that the orbits of Thylacosmilus were frontated and verticalized in a way that favored some degree of stereopsis and compensated for limited convergence in orbital orientation. The forcing function behind these morphological tradeoffs was the extraordinary growth of its rootless canines, which affected skull shape in Thylacosmilus in numerous ways, including relative orbital displacement.

Automated summary

The unique orientation of the orbits in the extinct sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox allowed for binocular depth perception, despite its cranium evolving for enlarged canines. The study of mammalian vision is difficult due to the lack of preserved eyes in the fossil record. However, orbital orientation and size can provide insights on ocular function. In Thylacosmilus, the bony orbits were divergent, unlike any other known mammalian predator, but frontation and verticality of the orbits compensated for limited convergence in orbital orientation and favored some degree of stereopsis.