Enhanced hexamerization of insulin via assembly pathway rerouting revealed by single particle studies

Single-molecule studies reveal the pathway organization of self-assembly and disassembly of insulin hexamers and how this is remodeled by regulatory cues and formulations. The abundance of all oligomeric species as well their kinetics are assessed. Insulin formulations with diverse oligomerization states are the hallmark of interventions for the treatment of diabetes. Here using single-molecule recordings we firstly reveal that insulin oligomerization can operate via monomeric additions and secondly quantify the existence, abundance and kinetic characterization of diverse insulin assembly and disassembly pathways involving addition of monomeric, dimeric or tetrameric insulin species. We propose and experimentally validate a model where the insulin self-assembly pathway is rerouted, favoring monomeric or oligomeric assembly, by solution concentration, additives and formulations. Combining our practically complete kinetic characterization with rate simulations, we calculate the abundance of each oligomeric species from nM to mM offering mechanistic insights and the relative abundance of all oligomeric forms at concentrations relevant both for secreted and administrated insulin. These reveal a high abundance of all oligomers and a significant fraction of hexamer resulting in practically halved bioavailable monomer concentration. In addition to providing fundamental new insights, the results and toolbox presented here can be universally applied, contributing to the development of optimal insulin formulations and the deciphering of oligomerization mechanisms for additional proteins.

Automated summary

Single-molecule studies reveal the pathway organization of insulin hexamers' self-assembly and disassembly, and how this is remodeled by regulatory cues and formulations. The abundance and kinetics of all oligomeric species are assessed. Insulin formulations with diverse oligomerization states play a crucial role in diabetes treatment interventions.