Amphiphilic Cell-Penetrating Peptides Containing Arginine and Hydrophobic Residues as Protein Delivery Agents

The entry of proteins through the cell membrane is challenging, thus limiting their use as potential therapeutics. Seven cell-penetrating peptides, designed in our laboratory, were evaluated for the delivery of proteins. Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis was utilized for the synthesis of seven cyclic or hybrid cyclic-linear amphiphilic peptides composed of hydrophobic (tryptophan (W) or 3,3-diphenylalanine (Dip) and positively-charged arginine (R) residues, such as [WR](4), [WR](9), [WWRR](4), [WWRR](5), [(RW)(5)K](RW)(5), [R5K]W-7, and [DipR](5). Confocal microscopy was used to screen the peptides as a protein delivery system of model cargo proteins, green and red fluorescein proteins (GFP and RFP). Based on the confocal microscopy results, [WR](9) and [DipR](5) were found to be more efficient among all the peptides and were selected for further studies. [WR](9) (1-10 mu M) + protein (GFP and RFP) physical mixture did not show high cytotoxicity (>90% viability) in triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) after 24 h, while [DipR](5) (1-10 mu M) physical mixture with GFP exhibited more than 81% cell viability. Confocal microscopy images revealed internalization of GFP and RFP in MDA-MB-231 cells using [WR](9) (2-10 mu M) and [DipR](5) (1-10 mu M). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis indicated that the cellular uptake of GFP was concentration-dependent in the presence of [WR](9) in MDA-MB-231 cells after 3 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. The concentration-dependent uptake of GFP and RFP was also observed in the presence of [DipR(5)] in SK-OV-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells after 3 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. FACS analysis indicated that the cellular uptake of GFP in the presence of [WR](9) was partially decreased by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and nystatin as endocytosis inhibitors after 3 h of incubation in MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas nystatin and chlorpromazine as endocytosis inhibitors slightly reduced the uptake of GFP in the presence of [DipR](5) after 3 h of incubation in MDA-MB-231. [WR](9) was able to deliver therapeutically relevant proteins (Histone H2A) at different concentrations. These results provide insight into the use of amphiphilic cyclic peptides in the delivery of protein-related therapeutics.

Automated summary

In this study, seven cell-penetrating peptides designed in our laboratory were evaluated for protein delivery. [WR](9) and [DipR](5) were found to be the most efficient peptides and were selected for further studies. Through confocal microscopy and FACS analysis, it was determined that [WR](9) and [DipR](5) were able to successfully deliver proteins.