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Summary: This study investigates structural brain changes in patients with persistent olfactory dysfunctions after COVID-19. It found differences in gray matter volume and diffusion in the olfactory system among COVID-19 patients, which can explain the prolonged olfactory deficits in these patients.
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Summary: The study revealed altered excitability and neurotransmission within M1 in patients after mild COVID-19, along with deficits in executive functions and attention.
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Infectious Diseases
Joan B. Soriano et al.
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Environmental Sciences
Tapan Behl et al.
Summary: The study highlights the potential role of CD147 as an alternative entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 infection, with implications for various aspects of the disease such as elevated blood glucose levels, reduced risk in women, increased susceptibility in the elderly, and greater infection susceptibility in certain cell types.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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Felicia Ceban et al.
Summary: Post-COVID-19 syndrome, characterized by persistent symptoms after resolution of acute infection, is associated with significant fatigue and cognitive impairment. This study aimed to quantify the proportion of individuals experiencing fatigue and cognitive impairment 12 or more weeks after COVID-19 diagnosis, and to explore the inflammatory and functional consequences of post-COVID-19 syndrome. The results showed that a significant proportion of individuals continue to experience fatigue and cognitive impairment even after 12 or more weeks of COVID-19 diagnosis. Additionally, some individuals showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers and significant functional impairment.
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Rafael Dal-Re et al.
Summary: The first two oral antivirals, molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, are now available in many countries for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in high-risk non-hospitalised patients. They should be prescribed within 5 days of symptom onset and after confirming the SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, their availability will be limited due to manufacturing constraints.
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Claire Jing-Wen Tan et al.
Summary: This study investigated the relationship between COVID-19 infection and olfactory dysfunction using radiological imaging. The results showed that the prevalence of olfactory cleft opacification was significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 infection and olfactory dysfunction compared to the control group. However, similar proportions of cases and controls demonstrated olfactory bulb signal abnormalities and olfactory mucosa abnormalities. Additionally, approximately half of the patients had abnormalities in the morphology of the olfactory bulb and olfactory nerve.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Aled M. Edwards et al.
Summary: This article discusses the remarkable effectiveness of vaccine and drug responses to COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of long-term investment in technology and basic science. It also highlights the ongoing global pandemic and recommends proactive measures to prepare for, minimize the impact of, and prevent future pandemics.
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Miriam Merad et al.
Summary: Considerable research effort has been focused on deciphering the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infections and understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19, including Long Covid syndrome. The hope is that knowledge gained from this research will be applied to studies of inflammatory processes in critical and chronic illnesses in the future.
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Clinical Neurology
Cheng-Ying Ho et al.
Summary: This postmortem study revealed that COVID-19 infection is associated with axon injuries and microvasculopathy in olfactory tissue, suggesting that olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 infection may be severe and permanent.
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Behavioral Sciences
Etedal Ahmed A. Ibrahim et al.
Summary: This review discusses the neurological signs and consequences of COVID-19 disease. Research shows that the severity of respiratory involvement increases the likelihood of neurological symptoms and consequences. COVID-19 neurologic complications are key drivers of patient severity and mortality.
BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
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Immunology
John T. Schroeder et al.
Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global pandemic with significant health and socioeconomic consequences. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), possibly due to a dysregulated innate immune response or cytokine release syndrome (CRS). The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a crucial role in the infection process, and recent research has shown that the S1 subunit can activate monocytes to produce cytokines associated with CRS in COVID-19.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
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Immunology
Mar Guasp et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic role of inflammatory biomarkers in patients with acute COVID-19 and neurological manifestations. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in the serum and CSF of neuro-COVID patients. Neuroaxonal damage markers and cytokine levels were associated with disease severity and neurologic disability.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
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Daniel Kalinowski et al.
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Sydney B. Stein et al.
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anthony Fernandez-Castaneda et al.
Summary: COVID survivors may experience lingering neurological symptoms similar to cognitive impairment related to cancer therapy. Research has found that respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause white-matter-selective microglial reactivity and affect neurogenesis and CCL11 levels.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Ishnoor Kaur et al.
Summary: This article provides a comprehensive overview of various treatment options for COVID-19 and lists the research and clinical trials on different categories of drugs in hindering disease progression. The article emphasizes the critical need to find suitable treatment and alleviate the chaos caused by the global pandemic.
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Rachael L. Philips et al.
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Anna Lisa Martini et al.
Summary: This study evaluated brain metabolic dysfunctions in different phases of COVID-19 and found that hypometabolism in the fronto-insular cortex is associated with cognitive dysfunction, low blood oxygen levels, and high inflammation. Long-lasting brain hypermetabolism in the brainstem, cerebellum, hippocampus, and amygdala seems to reflect persistent inflammation processes.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING
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Ellen A. Gorman et al.
Summary: This paper reviews the diagnosis, management, outcomes, and long-term sequelae of ARDS, discussing potential limitations of its definition and evidence for future revisions. It also explores guideline recommendations and uncertainties in ARDS management, as well as the future of ARDS in the context of precision medicine and treatable traits.
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Psychiatry
Bianca Besteher et al.
Summary: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in long-COVID patients, and this study found significantly enlarged gray matter volume (GMV) in several brain regions of long-COVID patients compared to healthy controls. The GMV changes were associated with the time since onset of COVID-19, but not with the clinical symptom burden. Larger sample sizes and longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the mediating mechanisms between COVID-19, GMV, and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Sedat Giray Kandemirli et al.
Summary: This study evaluated 23 patients with persistent COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction, finding olfactory cleft and olfactory bulb abnormalities to be common in cases of COVID-19 anosmia. The study also revealed a relatively high percentage of olfactory bulb degeneration, indicating a need for further longitudinal imaging studies to better understand the mechanism of olfactory neuronal pathway injury in COVID-19 anosmia.
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Moritz Klingenstein et al.
Summary: The study reveals the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins in the human nose, olfactory epithelium, and olfactory bulb, providing essential anatomical evidence for future research on SARS-CoV2-induced anosmia through the olfactory pathway.
CELLS TISSUES ORGANS
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Immunology
Thor Mertz Schou et al.
Summary: COVID-19 patients may exhibit psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, cognitive deficits, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Potential risk factors include disease severity, duration of symptoms, and female sex. Survivors of COVID-19 are at risk of psychiatric sequelae, but symptoms generally improve over time.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
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Shibani S. Mukerji et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection in causing COVID-19 can lead to a range of neurological symptoms, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and the potential for neuroinvasion by the virus is uncertain. Human autopsies have revealed the neuropathological consequences of infection, and incorporating brain tissue research findings into our understanding of clinical disease will guide management and research priorities related to neurological morbidity.
NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS
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Clinical Neurology
Viviana Versace et al.
Summary: The study revealed reduced GABAergic inhibition in the primary motor cortex of patients who recovered from COVID-19 with neurological complications, presenting fatigue and executive function syndrome. TMS may serve as a diagnostic tool for assessing cognitive disturbances and fatigue in post-COVID-19 patients.
CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Pobitra Borah et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to various neurological complications, including direct CNS infection, virus-induced hyper-inflammatory states, and peripheral nervous system injuries. The associated neuropsychiatric adverse events of COVID-19 treatments are a critical concern, as potential therapies may induce neurologic as well as psychiatric disorders, further complicating the condition.
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Roberta Piovesana et al.
Summary: Neurological pathologies lead to neuroinflammation, which can exacerbate neuronal and glial cell damage. Targeting neuroinflammation may reduce brain injury and rescue neuronal and glial cell functions.
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Luca Braga et al.
Summary: COVID-19 patients' lungs contain infected pneumocytes with abnormal morphology and frequent multinucleation, leading to the formation of syncytia driven by the activation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The antihelminthic drug niclosamide has shown to effectively inhibit cell fusion, potentially providing a new therapeutic approach for COVID-19 disease pathogenesis.
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E. Altunisik et al.
Summary: This study compared quantitative measurements of olfactory anatomic structures between patients diagnosed with COVID-19 associated with persistent olfactory dysfunction and healthy controls using MRI. The results showed significantly lower olfactory bulb volume, olfactory sulcus depth, and olfactory tract length in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. MRI findings suggested olfactory injury in COVID-19 patients and the olfactory pathway may serve as an alternative route for virus entry into the central nervous system.
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Andrew C. Yang et al.
Summary: This study found that patients with COVID-19 exhibited widespread cellular perturbations in the brain, including the relay of peripheral inflammation into the brain by choroid plexus barrier cells and infiltration of peripheral T cells. Additionally, COVID-19 affected synaptic signaling of upper-layer excitatory neurons linked to cognitive function.
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Alice Courties et al.
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Sohei Makita et al.
Summary: Post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory genes is mediated by ZFP36 family proteins, which bind to mRNA and lead to target mRNA decay. Despite structural similarities, ZFP36 family members have distinct functions and regulate different target mRNAs, likely due to cell-type-specific expression patterns.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
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Conor McQuaid et al.
Summary: The study reviewed the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the brain, including its invasion routes and potential neurological manifestations. While there is limited evidence of direct brain infiltration by SARS-CoV-2, the presence of the virus in severely infected patients suggests the olfactory mucosa could be a possible entrance. Further studies are needed to confirm neuroinvasion pathways and understand the neurological complications of COVID-19 beyond respiratory distress.
FLUIDS AND BARRIERS OF THE CNS
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Kimia Vakili et al.
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